1405-20-5 | Polymyxin B, sulfate (salt)

Packsize	Purity	Availability	Price	Discounted Price
250mg		in stock	$39.00	$27.00
500mg	≥80% (B Polymyxins)	in stock	$48.00	$34.00
1g	97%	in stock	$66.00	$47.00
5g	97%	in stock	$195.00	$136.00
10g	97%	in stock	$323.00	$226.00
25g	97%	in stock	$620.00	$434.00
100g	97%	in stock	$1,848.00	$1,294.00

Description

• Catalog Number: AA62725
• Chemical Name: Polymyxin B, sulfate (salt)
• CAS Number: 1405-20-5
• Molecular Formula: C56H100N16O17S
• Molecular Weight: 1301.5552
• MDL Number: MFCD30489731
• SMILES: OS(=O)(=O)O.NCC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H]1CCNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCN)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](NC1=O)CCN)Cc1ccccc1)CC(C)C)CCN)[C@H](O)C)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@H](O)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CCCCC(CC)C)CCN
• NSC Number: 757278

Computed Properties

• Complexity: 2240
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
• Heavy Atom Count: 90
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 22
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 20
• Rotatable Bond Count: 29
• Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 13

Literature

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• Genotypic characterization and in vitro activities of tigecycline and polymyxin B for members of the Enterobacteriaceae with decreased susceptibility to carbapenems.

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  Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 20110301

• Evaluation of the in vitro effects of aqueous black walnut extract on equine mononuclear cells.

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• Reduction of contamination of mycobacterial growth indicator tubes using increased PANTA concentration.

  The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 20110201

• Intraoperative direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin-B immobilized fiber column for treatment of infective endocarditis.

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• Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber hemoperfusion in a high school football player with septic shock caused by osteitis pubis.

  ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 20110101

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• The cyclic organosulfur compound zwiebelane A from onion (Allium cepa) functions as an enhancer of polymyxin B in fungal vacuole disruption.

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• Removal of the outer Kdo from Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide and its impact on the bacterial surface.

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• Comparison of the effects of different nutrient media on production of heat-stable enterotoxin-b by Escherichia coli.

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• Effects of hemoperfusion with an immobilized polymyxin-B fiber column on cytokine plasma levels in patients with abdominal sepsis.

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• Biophysical studies of the interaction of squalamine and other cationic amphiphilic molecules with bacterial and eukaryotic membranes: importance of the distribution coefficient in membrane selectivity.

  Chemistry and physics of lipids 20100201

• Cellular uptake and toxicity of microparticles in a perspective of polymyxin B oral administration.

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• Interventions for preventing infectious complications in haemodialysis patients with central venous catheters.

  The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 20100120

• Identification of genes involved in the mutualistic colonization of the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora by the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens.

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• Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage following itraconazole injection.

  Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 20100101

• Molecular characterization of the PhoPQ-PmrD-PmrAB mediated pathway regulating polymyxin B resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae CG43.

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• Activity and interactions of antibiotic and phytochemical combinations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro.

  International journal of biological sciences 20100101

• Polymyxin B and colistimethate are comparable as to efficacy and renal toxicity.

  Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 20091201

• Prevalence and risk factors for acute kidney injury associated with parenteral polymyxin B use.

  The Annals of pharmacotherapy 20091201

• Hemoperfusion with an immobilized polymyxin B fiber column decreases macrophage and monocyte activity.

  Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 20091201

• Structural characteristics and in vitro macrophage activation of acetyl fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus.

  Glycoconjugate journal 20091101

• A longer duration of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column hemoperfusion improves pulmonary oxygenation in patients with septic shock.

  Shock (Augusta, Ga.) 20091101

• Polymyxin B identified as an inhibitor of alternative NADH dehydrogenase and malate: quinone oxidoreductase from the Gram-positive bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis.

  Journal of biochemistry 20091001

• Perioperative selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) in elective colorectal surgery.

  Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract 20091001

• Hemoperfusion with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column improves liver function after ischemia-reperfusion injury.

  World journal of gastroenterology 20090928

• Expression of the Streptococcus mutans essential two-component regulatory system VicRK is pH and growth-phase dependent and controlled by the LiaFSR three-component regulatory system.

  Microbiology (Reading, England) 20090901

• A single amino acid substitution in PmrB is associated with polymyxin B resistance in clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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• Biosynthesis and structure of the Burkholderia cenocepacia K56-2 lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharide: truncation of the core oligosaccharide leads to increased binding and sensitivity to polymyxin B.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20090807

• Synergistic effects of miconazole and polymyxin B on microbial pathogens.

  Veterinary research communications 20090801

• Synergistic effects of ovine-derived cathelicidins and other antimicrobials against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus 1056 MRSA.

  Biotechnology letters 20090801

• Membrane permeability and antimicrobial kinetics of cecropin P1 against Escherichia coli.

  Journal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society 20090601

• Contributions of two UDP-glucose dehydrogenases to viability and polymyxin B resistance of Burkholderia cenocepacia.

  Microbiology (Reading, England) 20090601

• Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein in septic shock: effect of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber hemoperfusion.

  Shock (Augusta, Ga.) 20090501

• Differential effects of albumin on microglia and macrophages; implications for neurodegeneration following blood-brain barrier damage.

  Journal of neurochemistry 20090501

• Investigation of functional and morphological changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus cells induced by Origanum compactum essential oil.

  Journal of applied microbiology 20090501

• Direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin-B immobilized fiber for septic shock after cardiac surgery.

  Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 20090401

• The comparative study of solvents to expedite removal of bitumen.

  Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries 20090301

• A novel, simple and sensitive ligand affinity capture method for detecting molecular interactions by MALDI mass spectrometry.

  Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS 20090301

• Cluster of bloodstream infections caused by KPC-2 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Manhattan.

  American journal of infection control 20090301

• Contribution of each amino acid residue in polymyxin B(3) to antimicrobial and lipopolysaccharide binding activity.

  Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 20090301

• Lemierre's syndrome followed by acute respiratory distress syndrome successfully rescued by antibiotics and hemoperfusion with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber.

  Japanese journal of infectious diseases 20090301

• Effects of nicotine and lipopolysaccharide on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, plasminogen activators, and their inhibitors in human osteoblasts.

  Archives of oral biology 20090201

• Synergistic fungicidal activities of polymyxin B and ionophores, and their dependence on direct disruptive action of polymyxin B on fungal vacuole.

  The Journal of antibiotics 20090201

• The detection of synergy between meropenem and polymyxin B against meropenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii using Etest and time-kill assay.

  Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 20090201

• Differences in bacteriologic treatment failures in acute otitis externa between ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone and neomycin/polymyxin B/hydrocortisone: results of a combined analysis.

  Current medical research and opinion 20090201

• Outbreaks caused by new variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, India.

  Emerging infectious diseases 20090201

• Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae isolates from cholera outbreaks in North India.

  Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) 20090201

• Significant reduction in stereotactic and functional neurosurgical hardware infection after local neomycin/polymyxin application.

  Journal of neurosurgery 20090201

• Comparison of the structure and dynamics of the antibiotic peptide polymyxin B and the inactive nonapeptide in aqueous trifluoroethanol by NMR spectroscopy.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20090115

• Proteases from salmon stimulate IL-8 in airway epithelial cells.

  Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A 20090101

• Postoperative use of topical antimicrobials.

  Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 20090101

• In vitro evaluation of the synergistic activity of neomycin-polymyxin B association against pathogens responsible for otitis externa.

  International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology 20090101

• Effect of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber hemoperfusion on serum high mobility group box-1 protein levels and oxidative stress in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

  ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 20090101

• Involvement of the post-transcriptional regulator Hfq in Yersinia pestis virulence.

  PloS one 20090101

• Dietary glutamine and oral antibiotics each improve indexes of gut barrier function in rat short bowel syndrome.

  American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 20081218

• Comparison of efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin otic solution 0.2% versus polymyxin B-neomycin-hydrocortisone in the treatment of acute diffuse otitis externa*.

  Current medical research and opinion 20081201

• Early induction of PMX-DHP improves oxygenation in severe sepsis patients with acute lung injury.

  Hiroshima journal of medical sciences 20081201

• In vitro and in vivo potency of polymyxin B against IMP-type metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

  International journal of antimicrobial agents 20081101

• Development and validation of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography assay for polymyxin B in human plasma.

  The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 20081101

• Synthesis of chimeric tetrapeptide-linked cholic acid derivatives: impending synergistic agents.

  Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 20081015

• Mutation in a gene encoding anti-sigma factor in A. brasilense confers tolerance to elevated temperature, antibacterial peptide and PEG-200 via carotenoid synthesis.

  FEMS microbiology letters 20081001

• Postoperative lomefloxacin 0.3% prophylaxis in strabismus surgery.

  Current eye research 20081001

• Removal of 2-arachidonylglycerol by direct hemoperfusion therapy with polymyxin B immobilized fibers benefits patients with septic shock.

  Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 20081001

• Skin testing after anaphylaxis to a topical Neosporin preparation.

  Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 20081001

• Evolution and dynamics of regulatory architectures controlling polymyxin B resistance in enteric bacteria.

  PLoS genetics 20081001

• [Case of acute exacerbation after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in a patient with chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis].

  Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai zasshi = the journal of the Japanese Respiratory Society 20081001

• Surfactant respiratory therapy using Surfaxin/sinapultide.

  Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease 20081001

• Polymyxin-B hemoperfusion inactivates circulating proapoptotic factors.

  Intensive care medicine 20080901

• Parenteral polymyxin B use in patients with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteremia and urinary tract infections: a retrospective case series.

  The Annals of pharmacotherapy 20080901

• Mechanical stress induces tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} production through Ca2+ release-dependent TLR2 signaling.

  American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 20080801

• Antibiotics protect against fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice: role of endotoxin.

  Journal of hepatology 20080601

• Pro-inflammatory potential of wood smoke and traffic-derived particles in a monocytic cell line.

  Toxicology 20080521

• Antimicrobial effectiveness of liposomal polymyxin B against resistant Gram-negative bacterial strains.

  International journal of pharmaceutics 20080501

• Polymyxin B: a new strategy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms.

  Expert opinion on investigational drugs 20080501

• [Case of acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with direct hemoperfusion using a polymyxin B immobilized fiber colum].

  Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai zasshi = the journal of the Japanese Respiratory Society 20080501

• In vitro activity of antibiotic combinations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and planktonic cultures.

  International journal of antimicrobial agents 20080401

• The biosynthesis and biological role of 6-deoxyheptose in the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.

  Molecular microbiology 20080401

• Immunomodulatory effects of honey cannot be distinguished from endotoxin.

  Cytokine 20080401

• In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of meropenem in combination with polymyxin B and gatifloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.

  Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy) 20080401

• Down-regulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes in rats with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis.

  Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 20080301

• Role of the cell envelope in the antibacterial activities of polymyxin B and polymyxin B nonapeptide against Escherichia coli.

  International journal of antimicrobial agents 20080301

• Positive antibacterial co-action between hop (Humulus lupulus) constituents and selected antibiotics.

  Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 20080301

• Defensin susceptibility and colonization in the mouse model of AJ100, a polymyxin B-resistant, Brucella abortus RB51 isolate.

  Current microbiology 20080301

• Structure-function analyses involving palindromic analogs of tritrypticin suggest autonomy of anti-endotoxin and antibacterial activities.

  Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 20080301

• Induction of cytolytic activity and interferon-gamma production in murine natural killer cells by polymyxins B and E.

  International immunopharmacology 20080301

• Infectious keratitis in keratoconus with corneal hydrops without contact lens wear: a case report.

  Eye & contact lens 20080301

• Toxic epidermal necrolysis complicated by multiple intestinal ulcers.

  International journal of dermatology 20080201

• Endometrial explant culture for characterizing equine endometritis.

  American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) 20080201

• Prolactin and growth hormone induce differential cytokine and chemokine profile in murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro: involvement of p-38 MAP kinase, STAT3 and NF-kappaB.

  Cytokine 20080201

• Lipopolysaccharide is a frequent and significant contaminant in microglia-activating factors.

  Glia 20080101

• Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 mediate Abeta(1-42) activation of the innate immune response in a human monocytic cell line.

  Journal of neurochemistry 20080101

• Effects of direct haemoperfusion through fibres immobilizing polymyxin B and nafamostat mesilate on endotoxaemia in conscious Guinea-pigs.

  Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology 20080101

• Toxicity and gut associated lymphoid tissue translocation of polymyxin B orally administered by alginate/chitosan microparticles in rats.

  The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology 20080101

• A randomized controlled trial comparing mupirocin versus Polysporin Triple for the prevention of catheter-related infections in peritoneal dialysis patients (the MP3 study).

  Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 20080101

• Effectiveness of continuous hemodiafiltration using a polymethylmethacrylate membrane hemofilter after polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column therapy of septic shock.

  ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 20080101

• Commercially available recombinant sonic hedgehog up-regulates Ptc and modulates the cytokine and chemokine expression of human macrophages: an effect mediated by endotoxin contamination?

  Immunobiology 20080101

• Microscopic and physiologic evidence for biofilm-associated wound colonization in vivo.

  Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society 20080101

• Risk factors for yeast superinfection in the treatment of suspected exit site infections: a case-control study.

  The journal of vascular access 20080101

• The influence of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on oxidative stress and nitric oxide synthesis in stimulated macrophages treated with a mustard gas analogue.

  BMC cell biology 20080101

• Squalamine: an appropriate strategy against the emergence of multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria?

  PloS one 20080101

• Postoperative topical antimicrobial use.

  Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 20080101

• Combination therapy with direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin B-immobilized fiber and oral vancomycin improves fulminant pseudomembranous colitis by reducing the elevated endogenous cannabinoids and inflammatory cytokines: report of a case.

  Hepato-gastroenterology 20080101

• Nocardia asteroides necrotizing scleritis associated with subtenon triamcinolone acetonide injection.

  Ocular immunology and inflammation 20080101

• Adrenaline modulates the global transcriptional profile of Salmonella revealing a role in the antimicrobial peptide and oxidative stress resistance responses.

  BMC genomics 20080101

• Moxifloxacin versus polymyxin B/trimethoprim sulfate in pediatric bacterial conjunctivitis.

  Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 20080101

• A multicenter comparison of polymyxin B sulfate/trimethoprim ophthalmic solution and moxifloxacin in the speed of clinical efficacy for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis.

  Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 20080101

• Effects of antibacterial agents on dental pulps of monkeys mechanically exposed and contaminated.

  The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry 20080101

• Polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant pathogens: a critical review.

  The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 20071201

• Semi-synthesis of polymyxin B (2-10) and colistin (2-10) analogs employing the Trichloroethoxycarbonyl (Troc) group for side chain protection of alpha,gamma-diaminobutyric acid residues.

  Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 20071201

• The lipid lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol is present in membranes of Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 and confers increased resistance to polymyxin B under acidic growth conditions.

  Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI 20071101

• Post-LASIK epithelial dendritic defect associated with Alternaria.

  Cornea 20071001

• Impact of antibiotic restriction on broad spectrum antibiotic usage in the ICU of a developing country.

  JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 20071001

• Clinical effects of direct hemoperfusion using a polymyxin-B immobilized column in solid organ transplanted patients with signs of severe sepsis and septic shock. A pilot study.

  The International journal of artificial organs 20071001

• Topical treatment of acute otitis externa: clinical comparison of an antibiotics ointment alone or in combination with hydrocortisone acetate.

  European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 20070901

• Pooled analysis of two clinical trials comparing the clinical outcomes of topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone otic suspension and polymyxin B/neomycin/hydrocortisone otic suspension for the treatment of acute otitis externa in adults and children.

  Clinical therapeutics 20070901

• Early initiation of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber therapy effective for septic shock after aortic replacement.

  Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia 20070801

• Amplification of vacuole-targeting fungicidal activity of antibacterial antibiotic polymyxin B by allicin, an allyl sulfur compound from garlic.

  The Journal of antibiotics 20070801

• Diffuse cutaneous hyperpigmentation due to tigecycline or polymyxin B.

  Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 20070701

• Synergy testing of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumanii against tigecycline and polymyxin using an E-test methodology.

  European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 20070701

• Postoperative endophthalmitis caused by Bacillus cereus and Chlamydia trachomatis.

  Journal of cataract and refractive surgery 20070701

• Potential effects of PKC or protease inhibitors on acute pancreatitis-induced tissue injury in rats.

  Vascular pharmacology 20070601

• Suspected polymyxin B-induced pemphigus vulgaris in a dog.

  Veterinary dermatology 20070601

• Assessing the data quality in predictive toxicology using a panel of cell lines and cytotoxicity assays.

  Analytical biochemistry 20070315

• TLR2 and TLR4 agonists synergistically up-regulate SR-A in RAW264.7 through p38.

  Molecular immunology 20070301

• Effects of combination therapy with direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin B-immobilized fiber and oral vancomycin on fulminant pseudomembranous colitis with septic shock.

  Digestive diseases and sciences 20070301

• Evaluation of preservative systems in opthalmic suspension of polymyxin B and dexamethasone by linear regression.

  Die Pharmazie 20070301

• Simultaneous determination of neomycin sulfate and polymyxin B sulfate by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection.

  Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 20070219

• Modulation of P2X7 receptor functions by polymyxin B: crucial role of the hydrophobic tail of the antibiotic molecule.

  British journal of pharmacology 20070201

• Interleukin-1alpha stimulation in monocytes by periodontal bacteria: antagonistic effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis.

  Oral microbiology and immunology 20070201

• A three-step purification method of large quantities of human recombinant alpha endothelial cellular growth factor for clinical use.

  International journal of molecular medicine 20070101

• Release of outer membrane vesicles by Gram-negative bacteria is a novel envelope stress response.

  Molecular microbiology 20070101

• Effectiveness of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column in sepsis: a systematic review.

  Critical care (London, England) 20070101

• Clinical effects of use polymyxin B fixed on fibers in liver transplant patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.

  Transplantation proceedings 20070101

• Comparison of disc diffusion, Etest and broth microdilution for testing susceptibility of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa to polymyxins.

  Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials 20070101

• Clinical responses and improvement of some laboratory parameters following polymyxin B-immobilized fiber treatment in septic shock.

  ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 20070101

• [Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of fosmidomycin and its derivatives].

  Antibiotiki i khimioterapiia = Antibiotics and chemoterapy [sic] 20070101

• Two membrane proteins from Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 constitute an ABC-type multidrug transporter.

  Microbiology (Reading, England) 20061201

• Pharmacokinetics of oral mycophenolate mofetil in dog: bioavailability studies and the impact of antibiotic therapy.

  Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 20061201

• Ofloxacin otic drops vs neomycin-polymyxin B otic drops as prophylaxis against early postoperative tympanostomy tube otorrhea.

  Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery 20061201

• Elimination of 2-arachidonoylglycerol action by direct hemoperfusion through immobilized polymyxin B fibers: an experimental study in conscious guinea pigs.

  Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 20061201

• Involvement of the purinergic P2X7 receptor in the formation of multinucleated giant cells.

  Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 20061115

• The Rcs phosphorelay system is specific to enteric pathogens/commensals and activates ydeI, a gene important for persistent Salmonella infection of mice.

  Molecular microbiology 20061101

• Bacterial lipopolysaccharides induce defense responses associated with programmed cell death in rice cells.

  Plant & cell physiology 20061101

• Povidone-iodine-induced burn: case report and review of the literature.

  Pharmacotherapy 20061101

• The two-component colR/S system of Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS365 plays a role in rhizosphere competence through maintaining the structure and function of the outer membrane.

  FEMS microbiology ecology 20061101

• Ex-vivo evaluation of alginate microparticles for Polymyxin B oral administration.

  Journal of drug targeting 20061101

• New uses for older antibiotics: nitrofurantoin, amikacin, colistin, polymyxin B, doxycycline, and minocycline revisited.

  The Medical clinics of North America 20061101

• TLR4-NOX4-AP-1 signaling mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced CXCR6 expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells.

  Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20060908

• Once-daily ofloxacin otic solution versus neomycin sulfate/polymyxin B sulfate/hydrocortisone otic suspension four times a day: a multicenter, randomized, evaluator-blinded trial to compare the efficacy, safety, and pain relief in pediatric patients with otitis externa.

  Current medical research and opinion 20060901

• Polymyxin B-conjugated alpha 2-macroglobulin as an adjunctive therapy to sepsis: Modes of action and impact on lethality.

  The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 20060801

• Identification of the lipopolysaccharide modifications controlled by the Salmonella PmrA/PmrB system mediating resistance to Fe(III) and Al(III).

  Molecular microbiology 20060801

• Topical otic antibiotics: clinical cochlear ototoxicity and cost consideration.

  Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 20060801

• Pivotal advance: activation of cell surface Toll-like receptors causes shedding of the hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163.

  Journal of leukocyte biology 20060701

• Polymyxin-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Escherichia coli O111 and O26.

  Journal of microbiological methods 20060601

• Arginase activity in a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

  Oral microbiology and immunology 20060601

• [Protective effect of protein kinase C on heart function: an experiment with isolated rabbit hearts].

  Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 20060425

• Interventions for ear discharge associated with grommets (ventilation tubes).

  The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 20060419

• Endotoxin-neutralizing activity of polymyxin B in blood after IV administration in horses.

  American journal of veterinary research 20060401

• Topical steroid and antibiotic combination therapy in red eye conditions.

  The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 20060401

• Membrane association and contact formation by a synthetic analogue of polymyxin B and its fluorescent derivatives.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20060309

• Phosphoethanolamine substitution in the lipid A of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and its association with PmrC.

  Microbiology (Reading, England) 20060301

• Endotoxin-like properties of a rhamnolipid exotoxin from Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) plantarii: immune cell stimulation and biophysical characterization.

  Biological chemistry 20060301

• Comparison of endotoxin antagonism of linear and cyclized peptides derived from limulus anti-lipopolysaccharide factor.

  Surgical infections 20060201

• Expression and function of Toll-like receptor 4 in the endometrial cells of the uterus.

  Endocrinology 20060101

• Agricultural seed dust as a potential cause of organic dust toxic syndrome.

  Occupational and environmental medicine 20060101

• Contemporary antimicrobial activity of triple antibiotic ointment: a multiphased study of recent clinical isolates in the United States and Australia.

  Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 20060101

• Identification of cultivable microorganisms from root canals with apical periodontitis following two-visit endodontic treatment with antibiotics/steroid or calcium hydroxide dressings.

  Journal of endodontics 20060101

• Anandamide absorption by direct hemoperfusion with polymixin B-immobilized fiber improves the prognosis and organ failure assessment score in patients with sepsis.

  Journal of anesthesia 20060101

• Controlling contagious bacterial conjunctivitis.

  Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 20060101

• A clinicomicrobiological study on the importance of pseudomonas in nosocomially infected ICU patients, with special reference to metallo beta1-lactamase production.

  Indian journal of pathology & microbiology 20060101

• In-vitro activity of polymyxin B in combination with imipenem, rifampicin and azithromycin versus multidrug resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii producing OXA-23 carbapenemases.

  Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials 20060101

• Spermicidal activity of bacterial lipopolysaccharide is only partly due to lipid A.

  Journal of andrology 20060101

• Clinical and radiographic evaluation of pulpotomies employing calcium hydroxide and trioxide mineral aggregate.

  General dentistry 20060101

• Toxic keratolysis from combined use of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs and topical steroids following vitreoretinal surgery.

  European journal of ophthalmology 20060101

• Beneficial effect of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column (PMX) hemoperfusion treatment on acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

  Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 20060101

• [Polymyxin-B direct hemoperfusion (PMX-DHP) in gram negative sepsis].

  Giornale italiano di nefrologia : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di nefrologia 20060101

• Identification and characterization of lipopolysaccharide in acetic acid bacteria.

  Anticancer research 20060101

• Nosocomial infections due to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: epidemiology and treatment options.

  Pharmacotherapy 20051001

• Effect of melanin produced by a recombinant Escherichia coli on antibacterial activity of antibiotics.

  Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi 20051001

• Capture of bacterial endotoxins using a supermacroporous monolithic matrix with immobilized polyethyleneimine, lysozyme or polymyxin B.

  Journal of biotechnology 20050910

• Antimicrobial peptides and endotoxin inhibit cytokine and nitric oxide release but amplify respiratory burst response in human and murine macrophages.

  Cellular microbiology 20050901

• A novel strategy for the isolation and identification of environmental Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria.

  FEMS microbiology letters 20050815

• Chlamydia pneumoniae induces nitric oxide synthase and lipoxygenase-dependent production of reactive oxygen species in platelets. Effects on oxidation of low density lipoproteins.

  Thrombosis and haemostasis 20050801

• The role of galacturonic acid in outer membrane stability in Klebsiella pneumoniae.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20050729

• Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Brooklyn, NY: molecular epidemiology and in vitro activity of polymyxin B and other agents.

  The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 20050701

• Citywide emergence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with reduced susceptibility to polymyxin B.

  The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 20050601

• Questioning current concepts in acute pancreatitis: endotoxin contamination of porcine pancreatic elastase is responsible for experimental pancreatitis-associated distant organ failure.

  Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 20050515

• Changes in bacterial and fungal ocular flora of clinically normal horses following experimental application of topical antimicrobial or antimicrobial-corticosteroid ophthalmic preparations.

  American journal of veterinary research 20050501

• A group III steroid solution without antibiotic components: an effective cure for external otitis.

  The Journal of laryngology and otology 20050501

• Transcriptional regulation of the 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose biosynthetic genes in Yersinia pestis.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20050415

• Direct effects of polymyxin B on human dendritic cells maturation. The role of IkappaB-alpha/NF-kappaB and ERK1/2 pathways and adhesion.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20050408

• External otitis caused by infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Candida albicans cured by use of a topical group III steroid, without any antibiotics.

  Acta oto-laryngologica 20050401

• Control of bacterial pneumonia during mechanical ventilation.

  Croatian medical journal 20050401

• Temperature dependence of the binding of endotoxins to the polycationic peptides polymyxin B and its nonapeptide.

  Biophysical journal 20050301

• Lung-migrating digenean parasites: in vitro influence on nitric oxide production from normal rat pulmonary macrophages.

  Experimental parasitology 20050301

• Immunomodulation by non-absorbable antibiotics given by the intragastric route.

  International journal of antimicrobial agents 20050301

• Evidence against a role for endotoxin in the hepatic encephalopathy of rats with thioacetamide-induced fulminant hepatic failure.

  Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 20050301

• Conjunctival lymphoid hyperplasia presenting with bilateral panuveitis.

  American journal of ophthalmology 20050301

• Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Brooklyn, New York: molecular epidemiology and in vitro activity of polymyxin B.

  European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 20050301

• Effects of pexiganan alone and combined with betalactams in experimental endotoxic shock.

  Peptides 20050201

• In vitro effects of calcium hydroxide and polymyxin B on endotoxins in root canals.

  Journal of dentistry 20050201

• Transscleral permeability of fluorescent-labeled antibiotics.

  Journal of ocular pharmacology and therapeutics : the official journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 20050201

• Synthesis and membrane action of polymyxin B analogues.

  Luminescence : the journal of biological and chemical luminescence 20050101

• Activation of toll-like receptor-mediated NF-kappa beta by zymosan-derived water-soluble fraction: possible contribution of endotoxin-like substances.

  Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology 20050101

• Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber hemoperfusion in a patient with active ulcerative colitis.

  ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 20050101

• Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber hemoperfusion with low priming volume in an elderly septic shock patient with marked endotoxemia.

  ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 20050101

• Extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis treated successfully with polymyxin B.

  Heart & lung : the journal of critical care 20050101

• Early hemoperfusion with an immobilized polymyxin B fiber column eliminates humoral mediators and improves pulmonary oxygenation.

  Critical care (London, England) 20050101

• The place of early haemoperfusion with polymyxin B fibre column in the treatment of sepsis.

  Critical care (London, England) 20050101

• Identification and quantitation of polymyxin B, framycetin, and dexamethasone in an ointment by using thin-layer chromatography with densitometry.

  Journal of AOAC International 20050101

• [The effectiveness of some methods in eliminating bacteria from the root canal of a tooth with chronic apical periodontitis].

  Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis 20050101

• [Effect of lipopolysaccharides on human dendritic cell cultures and its inhibition by polymyxin B].

  Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud 20041201

• Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry study towards the pH and temperature-induced N-acyl migration in polymyxin B.

  Journal of chromatography. A 20041126

• A fibronectin fragment induces tumor necrosis factor production of rat basophilic leukemia cells.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20041118

• Extract of Reishi polysaccharides induces cytokine expression via TLR4-modulated protein kinase signaling pathways.

  Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 20041115

• Hyaluronan enhances cartilage repair through low grade tissue remodeling involving cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases.

  Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] 20041001

• Effect of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber on bone resorption in patients with sepsis.

  Intensive care medicine 20040901

• Serum albumin induces iNOS expression and NO production in RAW 267.4 macrophages.

  British journal of pharmacology 20040901

• The MisR/MisS two-component regulatory system influences inner core structure and immunotype of lipooligosaccharide in Neisseria meningitidis.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20040813

• Tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil is associated with the outer membrane and energy-dependent cellular processes.

  The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 20040801

• Regulation of IFN regulatory factor-7 and IFN-alpha production by enveloped virus and lipopolysaccharide in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells.

  Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 20040801

• Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber hemoperfusion after emergency surgery in patients with chronic renal failure.

  Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 20040801

• Efficacy and safety of topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone versus neomycin/polymyxin B/hydrocortisone for otitis externa.

  Current medical research and opinion 20040801

• LPS-induced apoptosis is dependent upon mitochondrial dysfunction.

  Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 20040701

• Polymyxin B protects horses against induced endotoxaemia in vivo.

  Equine veterinary journal 20040701

• Acute otitis externa: efficacy and tolerability of N-chlorotaurine, a novel endogenous antiseptic agent.

  The Laryngoscope 20040501

• Biophysical characterization of the interaction of Limulus polyphemus endotoxin neutralizing protein with lipopolysaccharide.

  European journal of biochemistry 20040501

• Anti-endotoxin agents. 1. Development of a fluorescent probe displacement method optimized for the rapid identification of lipopolysaccharide-binding agents.

  Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening 20040501

• [Traumatic lesion of the optic nerve head by flying fish: a case report].

  Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 20040501

• Declining susceptibility to neomycin and polymyxin B of pathogens recovered in otitis externa clinical trials.

  Southern medical journal 20040501

• Langerhans' cell histiocytosis: current trends and the role of the head and neck surgeon.

  Ear, nose, & throat journal 20040501

• Identification of a new glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase isoenzyme, mtGPAT2, in mitochondria.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20040402

• Endotoxin-mediated disturbance of hepatic cytochrome P450 function and development of endotoxin tolerance in the rat model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis.

  Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 20040401

• Adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis synergizes with lipopolysaccharide to promote innate interleukin-10 production and enhances the induction of Th2 and regulatory T cells.

  Infection and immunity 20040301

• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon increases mRNA level for interleukin 1 beta in human fibroblast-like synoviocyte line via aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

  Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 20040301

• Relationship between growth rate and ATP concentration in Escherichia coli: a bioassay for available cellular ATP.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20040227

• Characterization of the susceptibility of mycobacteria in BACTEC 12B media containing PANTA that had been supplemented with ceftazidime, and characterization of the individual components of PANTA in the presence of C18-carboxypropylbetaine.

  Journal of microbiological methods 20040201

• [Study of biosensor technology on the detection of endotoxin-neutralizing materials].

  Zhonghua shao shang za zhi = Zhonghua shaoshang zazhi = Chinese journal of burns 20040201

• Cathelicidin peptide sheep myeloid antimicrobial peptide-29 prevents endotoxin-induced mortality in rat models of septic shock.

  American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 20040115

• A prospective, randomized pilot evaluation of topical triple antibiotic versus mupirocin for the prevention of uncomplicated soft tissue wound infection.

  The American journal of emergency medicine 20040101

• Natural medicaments in endodontics -- a comparative study of the anti-inflammatory action.

  Brazilian oral research 20040101

• Effects of polymyxin B immobilized fiber on urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in patients with severe sepsis.

  ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 20040101

• [Comparison of checkerboard and time-kill methods for the analysis of two antibiotics combined].

  Medycyna doswiadczalna i mikrobiologia 20040101

• Subeschar clysis in deep burns.

  Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries 20031201

• Toll-like receptor 4-dependent activation of macrophages by polysaccharide isolated from the radix of Platycodon grandiflorum.

  International immunopharmacology 20031201

• Isolation of Burkholderia cepacia complex genomovars from waters.

  Systematic and applied microbiology 20031101

• Soluble branched beta-(1,4)glucans from Acetobacter species show strong activities to induce interleukin-12 in vitro and inhibit T-helper 2 cellular response with immunoglobulin E production in vivo.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20031003

• Cationic antimicrobial peptides activate a two-component regulatory system, PmrA-PmrB, that regulates resistance to polymyxin B and cationic antimicrobial peptides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

  Molecular microbiology 20031001

• To dye or not to dye: a randomized, clinical trial of a triple dye/alcohol regime versus dry cord care.

  Pediatrics 20031001

• Stimulation of rat liver mitochondrial sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase by polymyxin B via enhanced extraction of lysophosphatidic acid.

  Lipids 20030901

• The Edwardsiella ictaluri O polysaccharide biosynthesis gene cluster and the role of O polysaccharide in resistance to normal catfish serum and catfish neutrophils.

  Microbiology (Reading, England) 20030601

• Considerations in control and treatment of nosocomial infections due to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

  Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 20030515

• [Effects of polymyxin B on LPS-induced activation of NF-kappaB in pulmonary alveolar macrophages].

  Xi bao yu fen zi mian yi xue za zhi = Chinese journal of cellular and molecular immunology 20030501

• Endotoxin adsorption by polymyxin B immobilized fiber column in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome: the Japanese experience.

  Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 20030401

• Purification and characterization of complement-activating acidic polysaccharides from the fruits of Capsicum annuum.

  Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology 20030331

• Synthesis of lipid A derivatives and their interactions with polymyxin B and polymyxin B nonapeptide.

  Journal of the American Chemical Society 20030305

• Determination of hydrocortisone, polymyxin B and Zn-bacitracin in pharmaceutical preparations by micellar electrokinetic chromatography.

  Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 20030301

• In vitro evaluation of nebulization properties, antimicrobial activity, and regional airway surface liquid concentration of liposomal polymyxin B sulfate.

  Pharmaceutical research 20030301

• Microscopic structure of the large intestinal mucosa in piglets during an antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

  The Journal of veterinary medical science 20030301

• Role of bacteria and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in the systemic inflammatory microvascular response provoked by indomethacin in the rat.

  European journal of pharmacology 20030207

• Searching for mechanisms of N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced glutathione efflux in organotypic hippocampal cultures.

  Neurochemical research 20030201

• Combination therapy with polymyxin B-immobilized fibre haemoperfusion and teicoplanin for sepsis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

  The Journal of hospital infection 20030101

• Hemoperfusion with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber in septic patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-associated glomerulonephritis.

  Nephron. Clinical practice 20030101

• Selection of hemoperfusion therapy for patients with septic shock on the basis of the primary disease.

  Journal of artificial organs : the official journal of the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs 20030101

• Influence of clindamycin, metronidazole and polymyxin B on the expression of cell adhesion molecules stimulated by endotoxin and enterotoxin of Bacteroides fragilis.

  Acta microbiologica Polonica 20030101

• Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human umbilical vein endothelial cells during primary culture.

  Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry 20021201

• Novel therapies for sepsis: antiendotoxin therapies.

  Expert opinion on investigational drugs 20021201

• [Endotoxin removal in septic shock].

  Nihon Geka Gakkai zasshi 20021201

• Investigation of properties of the Ca2+ influx and of the Ca2+-activated K+ efflux (Gárdos effect) in vanadate-treated and ATP-depleted human red blood cells.

  General physiology and biophysics 20021201

• Enhanced activity of liposomal polymyxin B against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a rat model of lung infection.

  Biochemical pharmacology 20021101

• Involvement of microbial components and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in cytokine responses to air pollution particles.

  American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 20021101

• Effectiveness of mupirocin and polymyxin B in experimental Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens keratitis.

  Cornea 20021101

• A controlled trial of povidone-iodine to treat infectious conjunctivitis in children.

  American journal of ophthalmology 20021101

• Lipopolysaccharide regulates proinflammatory cytokine expression in mouse myoblasts and skeletal muscle.

  American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 20020901

• Neutrophil survival is prolonged in the airways of healthy infants and infants with RSV bronchiolitis.

  The European respiratory journal 20020901

• Lipoteichoic acid-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression requires activations of p44/42 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathways.

  European journal of pharmacology 20020816

• Estriol enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced increases in nitric oxide production by Kupffer cells via mechanisms dependent on endotoxin.

  Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research 20020801

• Synergistic induction of apoptosis in human endothelial cells by tumour necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta.

  Cytokine 20020607

• Effects of dexamethasone and protein kinase C inhibitors on the induction of bradykinin B1 mRNA and the bradykinin B1 receptor-mediated contractile response in isolated rat ileum.

  Biochemical pharmacology 20020601

• Utility of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterize the structure of dexamethasone sodium phosphate inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins in solution and to analyze potential competitive effects.

  Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 20020601

• Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by alpha-hederin in macrophages.

  Planta medica 20020501

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