5080-50-2 | O-Acetyl-L-carnitine HCl

Packsize	Purity	Availability	Price	Discounted Price
1g	98%	in stock	$24.00	$17.00
5g	97%	in stock	$26.00	$18.00
25g	97%	in stock	$39.00	$28.00
100g	97%	in stock	$89.00	$63.00
500g	97%	in stock	$251.00	$176.00

Description

• Catalog Number: AB77908
• Chemical Name: O-Acetyl-L-carnitine HCl
• CAS Number: 5080-50-2
• Molecular Formula: C9H18ClNO4
• Molecular Weight: 239.6965
• MDL Number: MFCD00082230
• SMILES: [O-]C(=O)C[C@@H](C[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)C.Cl
• NSC Number: 747431

Computed Properties

• Complexity: 219
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
• Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
• Heavy Atom Count: 15
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
• Rotatable Bond Count: 6

Literature

• Acetyl L-carnitine targets adenosine triphosphate synthase in protecting zebrafish embryos from toxicities induced by verapamil and ketamine: An in vivo assessment.

  Journal of applied toxicology : JAT 20170201

• Effect of Acetyl-L-Carnitine on Antioxidant Status, Lipid Peroxidation, and Oxidative Damage of Arsenic in Rat.

  Biological trace element research 20160501

• Prophylactic and Therapeutic Potential of Acetyl-L-carnitine against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice.

  Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology 20160101

• Triptolide disrupts fatty acids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) levels in male mice testes followed by testicular injury: A GC-MS based metabolomics study.

  Toxicology 20151002

• Acetyl-L-carnitineameliorates mitochondrial damage and apoptosis following spinal cord injury in rats.

  Neuroscience letters 20150914

• ROS act as an upstream signal to mediate cadmium-induced mitophagy in mouse brain.

  Neurotoxicology 20150101

• Skeletal muscle ¹H MRSI before and after prolonged exercise. II. visibility of free carnitine.

  Magnetic resonance in medicine 20121101

• Water-soluble cationic derivatives of indirubin, the active anticancer component from Indigo naturalis.

  Chemistry & biodiversity 20121001

• Dietary supplementation with acetyl-l-carnitine in seizure treatment of pentylenetetrazole kindled mice.

  Neurochemistry international 20120901

• Effect of short- and long-term treatment with valproate on carnitine homeostasis in humans.

  Therapeutic drug monitoring 20120801

• Identification of human plasma metabolites exhibiting time-of-day variation using an untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomic approach.

  Chronobiology international 20120801

• Preserving mitochondrial function prevents the proteasomal degradation of GTP cyclohydrolase I.

  Free radical biology & medicine 20120715

• Neurophysiological and morphological responses to treatment with acetyl-L-carnitine in a sciatic nerve injury model: preliminary data.

  The Journal of hand surgery, European volume 20120701

• The acetylcholinesterase inhibitors competitively inhibited an acetyl L-carnitine transport through the blood-brain barrier.

  Neurochemical research 20120701

• Chronic acetyl-L-carnitine alters brain energy metabolism and increases noradrenaline and serotonin content in healthy mice.

  Neurochemistry international 20120701

• Re: Karsidag S, Akcal A, Sahin S, et al. Neurophysiological and morphological responses to treatment with acetyl-L-carnitine in a sciatic nerve injury model: preliminary data. J Hand Surg Eur. 2012, 37: 529-536.

  The Journal of hand surgery, European volume 20120701

• Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment following spinal cord injury improves mitochondrial function correlated with remarkable tissue sparing and functional recovery.

  Neuroscience 20120517

• Carnitine for fatigue in multiple sclerosis.

  The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 20120516

• Muscle-specific deletion of carnitine acetyltransferase compromises glucose tolerance and metabolic flexibility.

  Cell metabolism 20120502

• Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III.

  The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 20120418

• Acetyl-L-carnitine-mediated neuroprotection during hypoxia is attributed to ERK1/2-Nrf2-regulated mitochondrial biosynthesis.

  Hippocampus 20120401

• Inhibition of OCTN2-mediated transport of carnitine by etoposide.

  Molecular cancer therapeutics 20120401

• Acetyl-L-carnitine activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivators PGC-1α/PGC-1β-dependent signaling cascade of mitochondrial biogenesis and decreases the oxidized peroxiredoxins content in old rat liver.

  Rejuvenation research 20120401

• Biochemical and genetic alterations of oxidant/antioxidant status of the brain in rats treated with dexamethasone: protective roles of melatonin and acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Journal of physiology and biochemistry 20120301

• The human OCTN1 (SLC22A4) reconstituted in liposomes catalyzes acetylcholine transport which is defective in the mutant L503F associated to the Crohn's disease.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20120301

• The cycling of acetyl-coenzyme A through acetylcarnitine buffers cardiac substrate supply: a hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance study.

  Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging 20120301

• Carnitine derivatives: clinical usefulness.

  Current opinion in gastroenterology 20120301

• In vivo clinical measures of intermediary metabolism are inadequate: can a new magnetic resonance spectroscopy technology do better?

  Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging 20120301

• Acetyl-L-carnitine and α-lipoic acid affect rotenone-induced damage in nigral dopaminergic neurons of rat brain, implication for Parkinson's disease therapy.

  Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior 20120101

• Semen quality in patients with Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection treated concurrently with prulifloxacin and a phytotherapeutic agent.

  Journal of andrology 20120101

• Substrate oxidation and cardiac performance during exercise in disorders of long chain fatty acid oxidation.

  Molecular genetics and metabolism 20120101

• Selective degeneration of synapses in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of chinchilla following acoustic trauma and effects of antioxidant treatment.

  Hearing research 20120101

• Protective effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on neurodegenarative changes in chronic cerebral ischemia models and learning-memory impairment in aged rats.

  Archives of pharmacal research 20120101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine supplementation reverses the age-related decline in carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) activity in interfibrillar mitochondria without changing the L-carnitine content in the rat heart.

  Mechanisms of ageing and development 20120101

• Neuroprotective effects of pre-treatment with l-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on ischemic injury in vivo and in vitro.

  International journal of molecular sciences 20120101

• Neuroprotective effects of N-acetyl-cysteine and acetyl-L-carnitine after spinal cord injury in adult rats.

  PloS one 20120101

• Deciphering the potential efficacy of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) in maintaining connexin-mediated lenticular homeostasis.

  Molecular vision 20120101

• Stability of carboplatin, paclitaxel, and docetaxel with acetyl-l-carnitine during simulated Y-site administration.

  International journal of pharmaceutical compounding 20120101

• Stability of acetyl-1-carnitine in 5% dextrose using a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry times 2 method.

  International journal of pharmaceutical compounding 20120101

• Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III.

  The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 20111207

• Acetyl-L-carnitine prevents carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in various tissues of Wistar rats.

  Journal of physiology and biochemistry 20111201

• Acetyl-L-carnitine improves cognitive functions in severe hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized and controlled clinical trial.

  Metabolic brain disease 20111201

• Acetyl-L-carnitine attenuates homocysteine-induced Alzheimer-like histopathological and behavioral abnormalities.

  Rejuvenation research 20111201

• Quantitative tandem mass spectrometric imaging of endogenous acetyl-L-carnitine from piglet brain tissue using an internal standard.

  Analytical chemistry 20111115

• Antidepressant-like effect of artemin in mice: a mechanism for acetyl-L-carnitine activity on depression.

  Psychopharmacology 20111101

• The nerve injury and the dying neurons: diagnosis and prevention.

  The Journal of hand surgery, European volume 20111101

• Protective effect of acetyl-l-carnitine and α-lipoic acid against the acute toxicity of diepoxybutane to human lymphocytes.

  Toxicology 20111028

• Rat liver mitochondrial proteome: changes associated with aging and acetyl-L-carnitine treatment.

  Journal of proteomics 20111019

• Stabilization of superoxide dismutase by acetyl-l-carnitine in human brain endothelium during alcohol exposure: novel protective approach.

  Free radical biology & medicine 20111015

• Acetyl-L-carnitine ameliorates spatial memory deficits induced by inhibition of phosphoinositol-3 kinase and protein kinase C.

  Journal of neurochemistry 20110901

• Regular endurance exercise improves the diminished hepatic carnitine status in mice fed a high-fat diet.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20110901

• The supplementation of acetyl-L-carnitine decreases fatigue and increases quality of life in patients with hepatitis C treated with pegylated interferon-α 2b plus ribavirin.

  Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research 20110901

• Effect of in vivo L-acetylcarnitine administration on ATP-ases enzyme systems of synaptic plasma membranes from rat cerebral cortex.

  Neurochemical research 20110801

• Modulation of myelin basic protein gene expression by acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Molecular neurobiology 20110801

• Complementary medicines (herbal and nutritional products) in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a systematic review of the evidence.

  Complementary therapies in medicine 20110801

• [Roles of PYK2 and caveolin-1 in alcoholic cardiomyopathy and the effect of drug intervention].

  Zhonghua yi xue za zhi 20110614

• Role of mitochondria in the maintenance of platelet function during in vitro storage.

  Transfusion medicine (Oxford, England) 20110601

• Acetyl-l-Carnitine in the treatment of anhedonia, melancholic and negative symptoms in alcohol dependent subjects.

  Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 20110601

• Acetyl-L-carnitine as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a placebo-controlled trial.

  Child psychiatry and human development 20110601

• Acetyl-L-carnitine reduces depression and improves quality of life in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

  Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 20110601

• Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase prevents lipotoxicity in retinal pericytes.

  Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 20110501

• Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) administration positively affects reproductive axis in hypogonadotropic women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea.

  Journal of endocrinological investigation 20110401

• Inhibitory effects of alcohol on glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier leads to neurodegeneration: preventive role of acetyl-L: -carnitine.

  Psychopharmacology 20110401

• Roles of reactive oxygen species and mitochondria in cadmium-induced injury of liver cells.

  Toxicology and industrial health 20110401

• Chronic pretreatment with acetyl-L-carnitine and ±DL-α-lipoic acid protects against acute glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain by altering mitochondrial function.

  Neurotoxicity research 20110201

• Neuroprotection by acetyl-L-carnitine after traumatic injury to the immature rat brain.

  Developmental neuroscience 20110201

• Cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity: Mechanisms and cardioprotective strategies.

  European journal of pharmacology 20110110

• Noninvasive assessment of exercise-related intramyocellular acetylcarnitine in euglycemia and hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes using ¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a randomized single-blind crossover study.

  Diabetes care 20110101

• Biochemical and pharmacological effects of mitoxantrone and acetyl-L-carnitine in mice with a solid form of Ehrlich tumour.

  Chemotherapy 20110101

• Critical update for the clinical use of L-carnitine analogs in cardiometabolic disorders.

  Vascular health and risk management 20110101

• Evaluation of the effect of acetyl L-carnitine on experimental cisplatin ototoxicity and neurotoxicity.

  Chemotherapy 20110101

• Methamphetamine inhibits the glucose uptake by human neurons and astrocytes: stabilization by acetyl-L-carnitine.

  PloS one 20110101

• [Acetyl-L-carnitine (carnicetine) in the treatment of early stages of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia].

  Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 20110101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine protects neuronal function from alcohol-induced oxidative damage in the brain.

  Free radical biology & medicine 20101130

• Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine and oxfenicine on aorta stiffness in diabetic rats.

  European journal of clinical investigation 20101101

• Effect of antioxidants on mitochondrial function in HIV-1-related lipoatrophy: a pilot study.

  AIDS research and human retroviruses 20101101

• Cisplatin-induced downregulation of OCTN2 affects carnitine wasting.

  Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 20101001

• Nerve regeneration in neuropathic pain.

  Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) 20101001

• [Treatment with carnitine, acetyl carnitine, L-arginine and ginseng improves sperm motility and sexual health in men with asthenopermia].

  Minerva urologica e nefrologica = The Italian journal of urology and nephrology 20100901

• Malonylcarnitine in newborns with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate.

  International journal of oral science 20100901

• Assessment of 3-nitropropionic acid-evoked peripheral neuropathy in rats: neuroprotective effects of acetyl-l-carnitine and resveratrol.

  Neuroscience letters 20100816

• AMPK attenuates bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity.

  Journal of dental research 20100801

• Metabolism of acetyl-L-carnitine for energy and neurotransmitter synthesis in the immature rat brain.

  Journal of neurochemistry 20100801

• Acetyl-L-carnitine protects yeast cells from apoptosis and aging and inhibits mitochondrial fission.

  Aging cell 20100801

• Metabolic approach to the enhancement of antitumor effect of chemotherapy: a key role of acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 20100801

• Behavior of acetyl-L-carnitine injections (Nicetile fiale) with different drugs used for combined therapy.

  Advances in therapy 20100801

• Acetyl-l-carnitine increases nerve regeneration and target organ reinnervation - a morphological study.

  Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS 20100701

• Acetyl-L-carnitine ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction following contusion spinal cord injury.

  Journal of neurochemistry 20100701

• Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 deficiency: the time-course of blood and urinary acylcarnitine levels during initial L-carnitine supplementation.

  The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 20100701

• Acetyl-L-carnitine improves aged brain function.

  Geriatrics & gerontology international 20100701

• Acetyl-L-carnitine increases artemin level and prevents neurotrophic factor alterations during neuropathy.

  Neuroscience 20100602

• Oxidative stress and cognitive longevity.

  Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 20100601

• Oral acetyl-L-carnitine therapy and insulin resistance.

  Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 20100601

• Newborn screening for methylmalonic aciduria by tandem mass spectrometry: 7 years' experience from two centers in Taiwan.

  Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA 20100601

• Acetyl-L-carnitine reduces the infarct size and striatal glutamate outflow following focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20100601

• Managing diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain in primary care.

  The Journal of family practice 20100501

• Transcriptional regulation of type-2 metabotropic glutamate receptors: an epigenetic path to novel treatments for chronic pain.

  Trends in pharmacological sciences 20100401

• Ubisol-Aqua: coenzyme Q10 prevents antiretroviral toxic neuropathy in an in vitro model.

  Current HIV research 20100401

• Differential metabolomics for quantitative assessment of oxidative stress with strenuous exercise and nutritional intervention: thiol-specific regulation of cellular metabolism with N-acetyl-L-cysteine pretreatment.

  Analytical chemistry 20100401

• Acetyl-L-carnitine. Monograph.

  Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic 20100401

• Regulatory effect of acetyl-l-carnitine on expression of lenticular antioxidant and apoptotic genes in selenite-induced cataract.

  Chemico-biological interactions 20100330

• Protective effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on cisplatin cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in neuroblastoma.

  Neurochemical research 20100301

• A vitamin/nutriceutical formulation improves memory and cognitive performance in community-dwelling adults without dementia.

  The journal of nutrition, health & aging 20100301

• [Effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on the insulin resistance of L6 cells induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha].

  Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research 20100301

• The neuropathy-protective agent acetyl-L-carnitine activates protein kinase C-gamma and MAPKs in a rat model of neuropathic pain.

  Neuroscience 20100217

• Carnitine for fatigue in multiple sclerosis.

  The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 20100217

• Involvement of OCTN2 in the transport of acetyl-L-carnitine across the inner blood-retinal barrier.

  Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 20100101

• Acylcarnitines: role in brain.

  Progress in lipid research 20100101

• Redox homeostasis and cellular stress response in aging and neurodegeneration.

  Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 20100101

• Muscle unloading potentiates the effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on the slow oxidative muscle phenotype.

  BioFactors (Oxford, England) 20100101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine attenuates okadaic acid induced tau hyperphosphorylation and spatial memory impairment in rats.

  Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 20100101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine supplementation to old rats partially reverts the age-related mitochondrial decay of soleus muscle by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis.

  Rejuvenation research 20100101

• Combined R-alpha-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine exerts efficient preventative effects in a cellular model of Parkinson's disease.

  Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 20100101

• Optimal micronutrients delay mitochondrial decay and age-associated diseases.

  Mechanisms of ageing and development 20100101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine for alcohol craving and relapse prevention in anhedonic alcoholics: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial.

  Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) 20100101

• Plasma metabolomic profiles reflective of glucose homeostasis in non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic obese African-American women.

  PloS one 20100101

• Tissue-specific short chain fatty acid metabolism and slow metabolic recovery after ischemia from hyperpolarized NMR in vivo.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20091225

• Short-term supplementation with acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid alters plasma protein carbonyl levels but does not improve cognition in aged beagles.

  Experimental gerontology 20091201

• Mitochondria in the elderly: Is acetylcarnitine a rejuvenator?

  Advanced drug delivery reviews 20091130

• A case of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency with insufficient response to prenatal biotin therapy.

  Brain & development 20091101

• Effect of L-acetylcarnitine on body composition in HIV-related lipodystrophy.

  Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme 20091101

• Effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on axonal sprouting following donor nerve injury distal to an end-to-side neurorrhaphy model.

  Journal of reconstructive microsurgery 20091101

• Ameliorating hypertension and insulin resistance in subjects at increased cardiovascular risk: effects of acetyl-L-carnitine therapy.

  Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 20090901

• Hypertension and insulin resistance.

  Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 20090901

• Mitochondrial acetylcarnitine provides acetyl groups for nuclear histone acetylation.

  Epigenetics 20090816

• The effect of acetyl-L-carnitine and R-alpha-lipoic acid treatment in ApoE4 mouse as a model of human Alzheimer's disease.

  Journal of the neurological sciences 20090815

• Defective inhibition and inter-regional phase synchronization in pianists with musician's dystonia: an EEG study.

  Human brain mapping 20090801

• Real-time assessment of Krebs cycle metabolism using hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

  FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20090801

• Oral acetate supplementation after prolonged moderate intensity exercise enhances early muscle glycogen resynthesis in horses.

  Experimental physiology 20090801

• Accumulation of overoxidized Peroxiredoxin III in aged rat liver mitochondria.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20090701

• Branched chain amino acids supplemented with L-acetylcarnitine versus BCAA treatment in hepatic coma: a randomized and controlled double blind study.

  European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology 20090701

• Acetyl-L-carnitine ameliorates caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats.

  Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology 20090701

• 1H NMR to investigate metabolism and energy supply in rhesus macaque sperm.

  Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 20090701

• Acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) prevents hypobaric hypoxia-induced spatial memory impairment through extracellular related kinase-mediated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 phosphorylation.

  Neuroscience 20090630

• Sodium azide induced neuronal damage in vitro: evidence for non-apoptotic cell death.

  Neurochemical research 20090501

• The effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on lenticular calpain activity in prevention of selenite-induced cataractogenesis.

  Experimental eye research 20090501

• Systematic analysis of adaptations in aerobic capacity and submaximal energy metabolism provides a unique insight into determinants of human aerobic performance.

  Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 20090501

• Mitochondrial decay in the brains of old rats: ameliorating effect of alpha-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Neurochemical research 20090401

• Cytoprotective effect of acetyl-L-carnitine evidenced by analysis of gene expression in the rat brain.

  Molecular neurobiology 20090401

• Cerebral metabolic effects of acetyl-l-carnitine in rats during aging.

  Brain research 20090309

• The effect of 3-hydroxybutyrate methyl ester on learning and memory in mice.

  Biomaterials 20090301

• Effect of acetyl-l-carnitine on ovarian cancer cells' proliferation, nerve growth factor receptor (Trk-A and p75) expression, and the cytotoxic potential of paclitaxel and carboplatin.

  Gynecologic oncology 20090301

• Neuronal mitochondrial amelioration by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to aged rats.

  Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 20090201

• Comparison of pharmacokinetics of L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine after single oral administration of L-carnitine in healthy volunteers.

  Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale 20090201

• Acetyl-l-carnitine and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-associated neuropathy in HIV infection.

  HIV medicine 20090201

• Acetyl-L-carnitine provides effective in vivo neuroprotection over 3,4-methylenedioximethamphetamine-induced mitochondrial neurotoxicity in the adolescent rat brain.

  Neuroscience 20090123

• Acetyl-l-carnitine inhibits TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance via AMPK pathway in rat skeletal muscle cells.

  FEBS letters 20090122

• Neuroprotective effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on neuropathic pain and apoptosis: a role for the nicotinic receptor.

  Journal of neuroscience research 20090101

• Medical management of Peyronie's disease.

  Journal of andrology 20090101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine in the management of pain during methadone withdrawal syndrome.

  Clinical neuropharmacology 20090101

• Dietary supplementation with a combination of alpha-lipoic acid, acetyl-L-carnitine, glycerophosphocoline, docosahexaenoic acid, and phosphatidylserine reduces oxidative damage to murine brain and improves cognitive performance.

  Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) 20090101

• Effects of acetylo-L-carnitine in end-to-side neurorrhaphy: a pilot study.

  Microsurgery 20090101

• Vitagenes, cellular stress response, and acetylcarnitine: relevance to hormesis.

  BioFactors (Oxford, England) 20090101

• Evaluation of lenticular antioxidant and redox system components in the lenses of acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in BSO-induced glutathione deprivation.

  Molecular vision 20090101

• Systematic review of pharmacological treatments in fragile X syndrome.

  BMC neurology 20090101

• Evaluation of the effect of acetyl L-carnitine on experimental cisplatin nephrotoxicity.

  Chemotherapy 20090101

• Treatments for fragile X syndrome: a closer look at the data.

  Developmental disabilities research reviews 20090101

• Up-regulation of kinesin light-chain 1 gene expression by acetyl-L-carnitine: therapeutic possibility in Alzheimer's disease.

  Neurochemistry international 20081201

• Modulatory effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on amyloid precursor protein metabolism in hippocampal neurons.

  European journal of pharmacology 20081112

• Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

  Digestive diseases and sciences 20081101

• Determination of the reference range of endogenous plasma carnitines in healthy adults.

  Annals of clinical biochemistry 20081101

• Role of acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

  The Annals of pharmacotherapy 20081101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine suppresses apoptosis of thioredoxin 2-deficient DT40 cells.

  Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 20081015

• In the rat brain acetyl-L-carnitine treatment modulates the expression of genes involved in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

  Molecular neurobiology 20081001

• Hypoxia-induced deactivation of NGF-mediated ERK1/2 signaling in hippocampal cells: neuroprotection by acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Journal of neuroscience research 20080901

• A DIGE approach for the assessment of rat soleus muscle changes during unloading: effect of acetyl-L-carnitine supplementation.

  Proteomics 20080901

• Acetyl-L-Carnitine selectively prevents post-ischemic LTP via a possible action on mitochondrial energy metabolism.

  Neuropharmacology 20080801

• Change in the membranous lipid composition accelerates lipid peroxidation in young rat hearts subjected to 2 weeks of hypoxia followed by hyperoxia.

  Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 20080801

• Preventive effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on the thermal hypoalgesia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

  European journal of pharmacology 20080707

• Protective effects of R-alpha-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine in MIN6 and isolated rat islet cells chronically exposed to oleic acid.

  Journal of cellular biochemistry 20080701

• Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: prevention and treatment strategies.

  European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 20080701

• Acetyl-L-carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid: possible neurotherapeutic agents for mood disorders?

  Expert opinion on investigational drugs 20080601

• [Physiological functions of carnitine and carnitine transporters in the central nervous system].

  Nihon shinkei seishin yakurigaku zasshi = Japanese journal of psychopharmacology 20080601

• Chemotherapy-evoked neuropathic pain: Abnormal spontaneous discharge in A-fiber and C-fiber primary afferent neurons and its suppression by acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Pain 20080401

• A double-blind, parallel, multicenter comparison of L-acetylcarnitine with placebo on the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in fragile X syndrome boys.

  American journal of medical genetics. Part A 20080401

• Muscular metabolism in aged rats under exhaustive exercise: effect of a modified alkaline supplementation.

  Rejuvenation research 20080401

• Prevention of paclitaxel-evoked painful peripheral neuropathy by acetyl-L-carnitine: effects on axonal mitochondria, sensory nerve fiber terminal arbors, and cutaneous Langerhans cells.

  Experimental neurology 20080301

• [Clinical efficacy of combined L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on idiopathic asthenospermia].

  Zhonghua nan ke xue = National journal of andrology 20080201

• Acetyl L-carnitine (ALC) treatment in elderly patients with fatigue.

  Archives of gerontology and geriatrics 20080101

• R-alpha-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine complementarily promote mitochondrial biogenesis in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

  Diabetologia 20080101

• Lipoic acid and acetyl-carnitine reverse iron-induced oxidative stress in human fibroblasts.

  Redox report : communications in free radical research 20080101

• Thioctic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of sciatic pain caused by a herniated disc: a randomized, double-blind, comparative study.

  Clinical drug investigation 20080101

• Multiple dosing strategies with acetyl L-carnitine (ALCAR) fail to alter age-related hearing loss in the Fischer 344/NHsd rat.

  Journal of negative results in biomedicine 20080101

• L-carnitine and its derivatives: exciting experimental and clinical data are accumulating in the treatment of ocular disorders.

  Drugs in R&D 20080101

• The aging eye and the role of L-carnitine and its derivatives.

  Drugs in R&D 20080101

• [Metabolic therapy for early treatment of age-related macular degeneration].

  Orvosi hetilap 20071202

• Metabolomics identifies perturbations in human disorders of propionate metabolism.

  Clinical chemistry 20071201

• Natural antioxidants in Alzheimer's disease.

  Expert opinion on investigational drugs 20071201

• Putting evidence into practice: evidence-based interventions for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.

  Clinical journal of oncology nursing 20071201

• Valproate and acetyl-L-carnitine prevent methamphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice.

  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20071201

• Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a multi-site, placebo-controlled pilot trial.

  Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 20071201

• Acetyl-L-carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid supplementation of aged beagle dogs improves learning in two landmark discrimination tests.

  FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20071101

• Protective effect of intravenous levocarnitine on subsequent-month hospitalization among prevalent hemodialysis patients, 1998 to 2003.

  American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 20071101

• Transport of carnitine and acetylcarnitine by carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN) 2 and OCTN3 into epididymal spermatozoa.

  Reproduction (Cambridge, England) 20071101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine prevents selenite-induced cataractogenesis in an experimental animal model.

  Current eye research 20071101

• Elevated free fatty acids attenuate the insulin-induced suppression of PDK4 gene expression in human skeletal muscle: potential role of intramuscular long-chain acyl-coenzyme A.

  The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 20071001

• Investigations of the effects of gender, diurnal variation, and age in human urinary metabolomic profiles.

  Analytical chemistry 20070915

• Acetyl-L-carnitine ameliorates hypobaric hypoxic impairment and spatial memory deficits in rats.

  European journal of pharmacology 20070910

• Protective effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on the apoptotic pathway of peripheral neuropathy.

  The European journal of neuroscience 20070801

• Urinary excretion of L-carnitine and its short-chain acetyl-L-carnitine in patients undergoing carboplatin treatment.

  Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 20070601

• New insights concerning the role of carnitine in the regulation of fuel metabolism in skeletal muscle.

  The Journal of physiology 20070601

• [Molecular/neural mechanisms of fatigue].

  Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine 20070601

• Is the human masticatory system devoid of recurrent inhibition?

  Experimental brain research 20070501

• A double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicentre study of acetyl L-carnitine in the symptomatic treatment of antiretroviral toxic neuropathy in patients with HIV-1 infection.

  HIV medicine 20070501

• Pharmacological rescue of noise induced hearing loss using N-acetylcysteine and acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Hearing research 20070401

• Recurrence quantification analysis of surface EMG detects changes in motor unit synchronization induced by recurrent inhibition.

  Experimental brain research 20070401

• Effect of combined treatment with alpha-Lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine on vascular function and blood pressure in patients with coronary artery disease.

  Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) 20070401

• More light please.

  Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) 20070401

• Neuroprotective effects of acetyl-L-carnithine in experimental chronic compression neuropathy. A prospective, randomized and placebo-control trials.

  Turkish neurosurgery 20070401

• Involvement of PI3K/PKG/ERK1/2 signaling pathways in cortical neurons to trigger protection by cotreatment of acetyl-L-carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid against HNE-mediated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: implications for Alzheimer's disease.

  Free radical biology & medicine 20070201

• [Molecular/neural mechanisms of fatigue and the way to overcome fatigue].

  Nihon yakurigaku zasshi. Folia pharmacologica Japonica 20070201

• Delayed acetyl-L-carnitine administration and its effect on sensory neuronal rescue after peripheral nerve injury.

  Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS 20070101

• Effect of L-carnitine and/or L-acetyl-carnitine in nutrition treatment for male infertility: a systematic review.

  Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition 20070101

• Double-blind, multicenter trial comparing acetyl l-carnitine with placebo in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients.

  Clinical and experimental rheumatology 20070101

• Overview on pathophysiology and newer approaches to treatment of peripheral neuropathies.

  CNS drugs 20070101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine in diabetic polyneuropathy: experimental and clinical data.

  CNS drugs 20070101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine in HIV-associated antiretroviral toxic neuropathy.

  CNS drugs 20070101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine in neuropathic pain: experimental data.

  CNS drugs 20070101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: a short review.

  CNS drugs 20070101

• Effects of dietary supplementation with N-acetyl cysteine, acetyl-L-carnitine and S-adenosyl methionine on cognitive performance and aggression in normal mice and mice expressing human ApoE4.

  Neuromolecular medicine 20070101

• Protective effect of acetyl-L-carnitine against oxidative stress induced by antiretroviral drugs.

  FEBS letters 20061211

• Prevention of selenite-induced cataractogenesis by acetyl-L-carnitine: an experimental study.

  Experimental eye research 20061201

• Effects of L-acetylcarnitine on cirrhotic patients with hepatic coma: randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

  Digestive diseases and sciences 20061201

• Acetyl-L-carnitine affects nonassociative learning processes in the leech Hirudo medicinalis.

  Neuroscience 20061103

• The association of acetyl-l-carnitine and nicotinamide remits the experimental diabetes in mice by multiple low-dose streptozotocin.

  Pancreas 20061101

• Muscle metabolites: functional MR spectroscopy during exercise imposed by tetanic electrical nerve stimulation.

  Radiology 20061001

• Susceptibility of human metabolic phenotypes to dietary modulation.

  Journal of proteome research 20061001

• Systemic lupus erythematosus after mesotherapy with acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 20061001

• Protective role of carnitine ester against radiation-induced oxidative stress in rats.

  Pharmacological research 20060901

• Compensatory responses to pyruvate carboxylase suppression in islet beta-cells. Preservation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20060804

• Acetyl-L-carnitine-induced up-regulation of heat shock proteins protects cortical neurons against amyloid-beta peptide 1-42-mediated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: implications for Alzheimer's disease.

  Journal of neuroscience research 20060801

• Involvement of recognition and interaction of carnitine transporter in the decrease of L-carnitine concentration induced by pivalic acid and valproic acid.

  Pharmaceutical research 20060801

• Cloning and functional characterization of a novel up-regulator, cartregulin, of carnitine transporter, OCTN2.

  Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 20060801

• Carnitine esters prevent oxidative stress damage and energy depletion following transient forebrain ischaemia in the rat hippocampus.

  Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology 20060801

• SANDO: two novel mutations in POLG1 gene.

  Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 20060801

• Motor unit synchronous firing as revealed by determinism of surface myoelectric signal.

  Journal of neuroscience methods 20060715

• Monitoring of ketogenic diet for carnitine metabolites by subcutaneous microdialysis.

  Pediatric research 20060701

• Reversal of mitochondrial defects before ischemia protects the aged heart.

  FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20060701

• Acetyl-L-carnitine protects striatal neurons against in vitro ischemia: the role of endogenous acetylcholine.

  Neuropharmacology 20060601

• Acetyl-L-carnitine up-regulates expression of voltage-dependent anion channel in the rat brain.

  Neurochemistry international 20060601

• Levocarnitine administration in multiple sclerosis patients with immunosuppressive therapy-induced fatigue.

  Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) 20060601

• A double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial of acetyl-L-carnitine vs. amisulpride in the treatment of dysthymia.

  European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 20060501

• Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.

  Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology 20060501

• Acetyl-L-carnitine prevents and reduces paclitaxel-induced painful peripheral neuropathy.

  Neuroscience letters 20060424

• Male idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia.

  Asian journal of andrology 20060301

• Acetyl-l-carnitine in the treatment of painful antiretroviral toxic neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus patients: an open label study.

  Journal of the peripheral nervous system : JPNS 20060301

• Effects of terguride, ropinirole, and acetyl-L-carnitine on methamphetamine withdrawal in the rat.

  Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior 20060301

• Acetylcarnitine and cellular stress response: roles in nutritional redox homeostasis and regulation of longevity genes.

  The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 20060201

• Behavioral and electrophysiological changes induced by acetyl-L-carnitine in aged freely-moving rats.

  Archives italiennes de biologie 20060201

• Morphoquantitative aspects of NADH-diaphorase myenteric neurons in the ileum of diabetic rats treated with acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 20060201

• Accumulation of acetyl groups following cycling: a 1H-MR spectroscopy study.

  International journal of sports medicine 20060201

• Debate forum: levocarnitine therapy is rational and justified in selected dialysis patients.

  Blood purification 20060101

• Effects of a single, short intravenous dose of acetyl-L-carnitine on pattern-reversal visual-evoked potentials in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy.

  Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology 20060101

• The effect of acetyl-L-carnitine administration on persons with Down syndrome.

  Research in developmental disabilities 20060101

• Proteomics analyses of specific protein oxidation and protein expression in aged rat brain and its modulation by L-acetylcarnitine: insights into the mechanisms of action of this proposed therapeutic agent for CNS disorders associated with oxidative stress.

  Antioxidants & redox signaling 20060101

• Redox modulation of heat shock protein expression by acetylcarnitine in aging brain: relationship to antioxidant status and mitochondrial function.

  Antioxidants & redox signaling 20060101

• Transcriptional regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 expression by the NF-kappaB pathway in primary dorsal root ganglia neurons: a possible mechanism for the analgesic effect of L-acetylcarnitine.

  Molecular pain 20060101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine feeding to unloaded rats triggers in soleus muscle the coordinated expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20060101

• Carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2-mediated transport of carnitine in primary-cultured epididymal epithelial cells.

  Reproduction (Cambridge, England) 20051201

• Folate, vitamin E, and acetyl-L-carnitine provide synergistic protection against oxidative stress resulting from exposure of human neuroblastoma cells to amyloid-beta.

  Brain research 20051109

• Acetyl-L-carnitine plus propionyl-L-carnitine improve efficacy of sildenafil in treatment of erectile dysfunction after bilateral nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy.

  Urology 20051101

• The European Association of Addiction Therapy - Inaugural Conference.

  IDrugs : the investigational drugs journal 20051001

• [A controlled randomized trial of the use of combined L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in men with oligoasthenozoospermia].

  Zhonghua nan ke xue = National journal of andrology 20051001

• Placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial on the use of L-carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, or combined L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine in men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia.

  Fertility and sterility 20050901

• Enantiomeric purity determination of acetyl-L-carnitine by NMR with chiral lanthanide shift reagents.

  Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 20050810

• Symptomatic and neurophysiological responses of paclitaxel- or cisplatin-induced neuropathy to oral acetyl-L-carnitine.

  European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 20050801

• Mechanisms of ischemic neuroprotection by acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20050801

• Probing peroxisomal beta-oxidation and the labelling of acetyl-CoA proxies with [1-(13C)]octanoate and [3-(13C)]octanoate in the perfused rat liver.

  The Biochemical journal 20050715

• Arabidopsis peroxisomal citrate synthase is required for fatty acid respiration and seed germination.

  The Plant cell 20050701

• Morphometric and quantitative evaluation of the NADH-diaphorase positive myenteric neurons of the jejunum of streptozotocin-diabetic rats supplemented with acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 20050601

• Reduction of apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway by the administration of acetyl-L-carnitine to mouse fibroblasts in culture.

  Experimental cell research 20050515

• Differential carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase expression defines distinct metabolic signatures in skeletal muscle cells.

  Journal of cellular physiology 20050501

• Differential epigenetic modifications in the FMR1 gene of the fragile X syndrome after reactivating pharmacological treatments.

  European journal of human genetics : EJHG 20050501

• Delayed therapy of experimental global cerebral ischemia with acetyl-L-carnitine in dogs.

  Neuroscience letters 20050418

• Morphoquantitative aspects of nitrergic myoenteric neurons from the stomach of diabetic rats supplemented with acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 20050401

• Peroxisomal and mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids in the heart, assessed from the 13C labeling of malonyl-CoA and the acetyl moiety of citrate.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20050311

• Effect of intraperitoneal acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) on anxiety-like behaviours in rats.

  The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology 20050301

• Strategy for the isolation, derivatization, chromatographic separation, and detection of carnitine and acylcarnitines.

  Analytical chemistry 20050301

• Prevention of impulse noise-induced hearing loss with antioxidants.

  Acta oto-laryngologica 20050301

• Acetylcarnitine induces heme oxygenase in rat astrocytes and protects against oxidative stress: involvement of the transcription factor Nrf2.

  Journal of neuroscience research 20050215

• Acetyl-CoA provision and the acetyl group deficit at the onset of contraction in ischemic canine skeletal muscle.

  American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 20050201

• Malonyl-CoA and carnitine in regulation of fat oxidation in human skeletal muscle during exercise.

  American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 20050101

• Nerve growth factor and acetyl-L-carnitine evoked shifts in acetyl-CoA and cholinergic SN56 cell vulnerability to neurotoxic inputs.

  Journal of neuroscience research 20050101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine improves pain, nerve regeneration, and vibratory perception in patients with chronic diabetic neuropathy: an analysis of two randomized placebo-controlled trials.

  Diabetes care 20050101

• Correlation between seminal carnitine and functional spermatozoal characteristics in men with semen dysfunction of various origins.

  Drugs in R&D 20050101

• Free and total carnitine concentrations in pig plasma after oral ingestion of various L-carnitine compounds.

  International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition 20050101

• Chemotherapy-induced allodinia: neuroprotective effect of acetyl-L-carnitine.

  In vivo (Athens, Greece) 20050101

• Improvement of visual functions and fundus alterations in early age-related macular degeneration treated with a combination of acetyl-L-carnitine, n-3 fatty acids, and coenzyme Q10.

  Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde 20050101

• A pilot study on the effect of acetyl-L-carnitine in paclitaxel- and cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy.

  Tumori 20050101

• Evaluation of carnitine, acetylcarnitine and isovalerylcarnitine on immune function and apoptosis.

  Drugs under experimental and clinical research 20050101

• Acetyl-L-Carnitine prevents and reverts experimental chronic neurotoxicity induced by oxaliplatin, without altering its antitumor properties.

  Anticancer research 20050101

• HIV-associated antiretroviral toxic neuropathy (ATN): a review of recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment.

  Antiviral therapy 20050101

• Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on cardiac dysautonomia in Rett syndrome: prevention of sudden death?

  Pediatric cardiology 20050101

• A review of antioxidants and Alzheimer's disease.

  Annals of clinical psychiatry : official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists 20050101

• Long-term effect of acetyl-L-carnitine for antiretroviral toxic neuropathy.

  HIV clinical trials 20050101

• [Vitamine-like substances L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine: from biochemical studies to medicine].

  Ukrains'kyi biokhimichnyi zhurnal (1999 ) 20050101

• Identification of differentially expressed genes induced in the rat brain by acetyl-L-carnitine as evidenced by suppression subtractive hybridisation.

  Brain research. Molecular brain research 20041206

• Effects of 7 wk of endurance training on human skeletal muscle metabolism during submaximal exercise.

  Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 20041201

• Acetyl-L-carnitine reduces impulsive behaviour in adolescent rats.

  Psychopharmacology 20041101

• Kinetics, pharmacokinetics, and regulation of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine metabolism.

  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20041101

• Delaying the mitochondrial decay of aging with acetylcarnitine.

  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20041101

• Comparison of the effects of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine on carnitine levels, ambulatory activity, and oxidative stress biomarkers in the brain of old rats.

  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20041101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of HIV lipoatrophy.

  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20041101

• Impact of hemodialysis on endogenous plasma and muscle carnitine levels in patients with end-stage renal disease.

  Kidney international 20041001

• Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurotoxicity of MPP+: partial protection of PC12 cells by acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20041001

• Natural antioxidants and neurodegenerative diseases.

  Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library 20040901

• Acetyl-L-carnitine requires phospholipase C-IP3 pathway activation to induce antinociception.

  Neuropharmacology 20040801

• Effect of L-carnitine administration on the seminal characteristics of oligoasthenospermic stallions.

  Theriogenology 20040801

• Acetyl-L-carnitine prevents total body hydroxyl free radical and uric acid production induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in the rat.

  Life sciences 20040723

• Acetyl-l-carnitine: a pathogenesis based treatment for HIV-associated antiretroviral toxic neuropathy.

  AIDS (London, England) 20040723

• Propofol infusion in children: when does an anesthetic tool become an intensive care liability?

  Paediatric anaesthesia 20040601

• A placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial of the use of combined l-carnitine and l-acetyl-carnitine treatment in men with asthenozoospermia.

  Fertility and sterility 20040601

• Delaying the mitochondrial decay of aging.

  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20040601

• Acetyl-L-carnitine dietary supplementation to old rats increases mitochondrial transcription factor A content in rat hindlimb skeletal muscles.

  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20040601

• HPLC determination and pharmacokinetics of endogenous acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) in human volunteers orally administered a single dose of ALC.

  Archives of pharmacal research 20040601

• Response to therapy in carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency due to a novel missense mutation.

  American journal of medical genetics. Part A 20040415

• Acetyl-L-carnitine supplementation restores decreased tissue carnitine levels and impaired lipid metabolism in aged rats.

  Journal of lipid research 20040401

• Effects of carnitines on rat sertoli cell protein metabolism.

  Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme 20040401

• Carnitines and male infertility.

  Reproductive biomedicine online 20040401

• Comparison of the effects of acetyl L-carnitine and amantadine for the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: results of a pilot, randomised, double-blind, crossover trial.

  Journal of the neurological sciences 20040315

• Repeated acetyl-l-carnitine administration increases phospho-Thr34 DARPP-32 levels and antagonizes cocaine-induced increase in Cdk5 and phospho-Thr75 DARPP-32 levels in rat striatum.

  The European journal of neuroscience 20040301

• Complications & side effects. Supplements and CD4+ counts: study finds surprising results.

  TreatmentUpdate 20040301

• Glutamate-induced over-expression of GAD is down-regulated by acetyl-L-carnitine in rat islet cells.

  Endocrine research 20040201

• Exploratory open label, randomized study of acetyl- and propionylcarnitine in chronic fatigue syndrome.

  Psychosomatic medicine 20040101

• Brain cholinesterases: III. Future perspectives of AD research and clinical practice.

  Medical hypotheses 20040101

• Cinnoxicam and L-carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine treatment for idiopathic and varicocele-associated oligoasthenospermia.

  Journal of andrology 20040101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine induces a sustained potentiation of the afterhyperpolarization.

  Neuroscience 20040101

• Metabotropic receptors as targets for drugs of potential use in the treatment of neuropathic pain.

  Journal of endocrinological investigation 20040101

• Primary sensory neuronal rescue with systemic acetyl-L-carnitine following peripheral axotomy. A dose-response analysis.

  British journal of plastic surgery 20031201

• Effects of L-carnitine and its derivatives on postischemic cardiac function, ventricular fibrillation and necrotic and apoptotic cardiomyocyte death in isolated rat hearts.

  Molecular and cellular biochemistry 20031201

• Effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on VIP-ergic neurons in the jejunum submucous plexus of diabetic rats.

  Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria 20031201

• Paclitaxel and Cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity: a protective role of acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 20031115

• Acetyl-L-carnitine permeability across the blood-brain barrier and involvement of carnitine transporter OCTN2.

  Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition 20031101

• Protective role of carnitine esters against alcohol-induced gastric lesions in rats.

  Pharmacological research 20030901

• Disruption of thiol homeostasis and nitrosative stress in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with active multiple sclerosis: evidence for a protective role of acetylcarnitine.

  Neurochemical research 20030901

• Effect of PPF and ALCAR on the induction of NGF- and p75-mRNA and on APP processing in Tg2576 brain.

  Neurochemistry international 20030801

• Biosensors for the determination of ortho-acetyl-L-carnitine. Their utilization as detectors in a sequential injection analysis system.

  Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology 20030801

• Acetyl-L-carnitine cytoprotection against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium toxicity in neuroblastoma cells.

  Biochemical pharmacology 20030715

• Role of acetyl-L-carnitine in the brain: revealed by Bioradiography.

  Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20030711

• Deficiency in short-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation affects theta oscillations during sleep.

  Nature genetics 20030701

• Modulation of methylation in the FMR1 promoter region after long term treatment with L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Journal of medical genetics 20030601

• [Neural and molecular mechanisms of fatigue and recovery from fatigue].

  Nihon shinkei seishin yakurigaku zasshi = Japanese journal of psychopharmacology 20030601

• Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine and myo-inositol on high-energy phosphate and membrane phospholipid metabolism in zebra fish: a 31P-NMR-spectroscopy study.

  Neurochemical research 20030501

• Pharmacologically induced enhancement of recurrent inhibition in humans: effects on motoneurone discharge patterns.

  The Journal of physiology 20030415

• Effects of long-term acetyl-L-carnitine administration in rats--II: Protection against the disrupting effect of stress on the acquisition of appetitive behavior.

  Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 20030401

• The lowdown on Ginkgo biloba.

  Scientific American 20030401

• Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease.

  International clinical psychopharmacology 20030301

• Bioenergetic approaches for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease.

  Annals of neurology 20030101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine for dementia.

  The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 20030101

• Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer's disease patients unresponsive to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

  Current medical research and opinion 20030101

• Mitotropic compounds for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. The metabolic approach and a pilot study.

  Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde 20030101

• 'Brain-specific' nutrients: a memory cure?

  Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 20030101

• Effects of chronic acetyl-L-carnitine treatment on brain lipid hydroperoxide level and passive avoidance learning in senescence-accelerated mice.

  Neuroscience letters 20021216

• Pharmacological enhancement of peripheral nerve regeneration in the rat by systemic acetyl-L-carnitine treatment.

  Neuroscience letters 20021216

• Reversal of biochemical and behavioral parameters of brain aging by melatonin and acetyl L-carnitine.

  Brain research 20021213

• Effect of active warm-up on metabolism prior to and during intense dynamic exercise.

  Medicine and science in sports and exercise 20021201

• Acetyl-l-carnitine induces muscarinic antinocieption in mice and rats.

  Neuropharmacology 20021201

• The temporal relationship between glycogen phosphorylase and activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex during adrenaline infusion in resting canine skeletal muscle.

  The Journal of physiology 20021115

• Carbohydrate ingestion reduces skeletal muscle acetylcarnitine availability but has no effect on substrate phosphorylation at the onset of exercise in man.

  The Journal of physiology 20021101

• Brain regions involved in fatigue sensation: reduced acetylcarnitine uptake into the brain.

  NeuroImage 20021101

• Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on regional cerebral glucose metabolism in awake rats.

  Brain research 20021004

• Acetyl-L-carnitine shows neuroprotective and neurotrophic activity in primary culture of rat embryo motoneurons.

  Neuroscience letters 20020906

• Effects of long-term acetyl-L-carnitine administration in rats: I. increased dopamine output in mesocorticolimbic areas and protection toward acute stress exposure.

  Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 20020901

• Candidate's thesis: enhancing intrinsic cochlear stress defenses to reduce noise-induced hearing loss.

  The Laryngoscope 20020901

• Dissection of metabolic, vascular, and nerve conduction interrelationships in experimental diabetic neuropathy by cyclooxygenase inhibition and acetyl-L-carnitine administration.

  Diabetes 20020801

• Analysis of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation intermediates by tandem mass spectrometry from intact mitochondria prepared from homogenates of cultured fibroblasts, skeletal muscle cells, and fresh muscle.

  Pediatric research 20020701

• Systemic acetyl-L-carnitine eliminates sensory neuronal loss after peripheral axotomy: a new clinical approach in the management of peripheral nerve trauma.

  Experimental brain research 20020701

• Bicarbonate-induced alkalosis augments cellular acetyl group availability and isometric force during the rest-to-work transition in canine skeletal muscle.

  Experimental physiology 20020701

• Potential role of levocarnitine supplementation for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced fatigue in non-anaemic cancer patients.

  British journal of cancer 20020617

• Intramuscular triacylglycerol, glycogen and acetyl group metabolism during 4 h of moderate exercise in man.

  The Journal of physiology 20020615

• Autonomic neuropathy in streptozotocin diabetic rats: effect of acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Diabetes research and clinical practice 20020601

• Acetyl-L-carnitine protects against amyloid-beta neurotoxicity: roles of oxidative buffering and ATP levels.

  Neurochemical research 20020601

• L-Acetylcarnitine induces analgesia by selectively up-regulating mGlu2 metabotropic glutamate receptors.

  Molecular pharmacology 20020501

• Delaying brain mitochondrial decay and aging with mitochondrial antioxidants and metabolites.

  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20020401

• Mitochondrial decay in the aging rat heart: evidence for improvement by dietary supplementation with acetyl-L-carnitine and/or lipoic acid.

  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20020401

• [Assay of carnitine in plasma and urine of healthy adults].

  Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae 20020401

• Tandem mass spectrometric assay for the determination of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II activity in muscle tissue.

  Analytical biochemistry 20020315

• 31P-MRS study of acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in geriatric depression: preliminary results.

  Bipolar disorders 20020201

• Activation of AMP kinase enhances sensitivity of muscle glucose transport to insulin.

  American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 20020101

• Oxygen uptake on-kinetics in dog gastrocnemius in situ following activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by dichloroacetate.

  The Journal of physiology 20020101

• Acetyl-L-carnitine (levacecarnine) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. A long-term, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

  Drugs in R&D 20020101

• Long-term ethanol administration enhances age-dependent modulation of redox state in brain and peripheral organs of rat: protection by acetyl carnitine.

  International journal of tissue reactions 20020101

• Long-term ethanol administration enhances age-dependent modulation of redox state in different brain regions in the rat: protection by acetyl carnitine.

  International journal of tissue reactions 20020101

• Effects of acetate infusion and hyperoxia on muscle substrate phosphorylation after onset of moderate exercise.

  American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 20011201

• Functional relevance of carnitine transporter OCTN2 to brain distribution of L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine across the blood-brain barrier.

  Journal of neurochemistry 20011201

• Valproic acid triggers acute rhabdomyolysis in a patient with carnitine palmitoyltransferase type II deficiency.

  Neuromuscular disorders : NMD 20011101

• Effects of treatment with carnitines in infertile patients with prostato-vesiculo-epididymitis.

  Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 20011101

• Enhancement of learning capacity and cholinergic synaptic function by carnitine in aging rats.

  Journal of neuroscience research 20011015

• The effects of increasing exercise intensity on muscle fuel utilisation in humans.

  The Journal of physiology 20011001

• Lethal neonatal presentation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency.

  Journal of inherited metabolic disease 20011001

• [L-acetylcarnitine treatment on fragile X patients hyperactive behaviour].

  Revista de neurologia 20011001

• Carnitine protects the molecular chaperone activity of lens alpha-crystallin and decreases the post-translational protein modifications induced by oxidative stress.

  FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20010701

• Acetyl-L-carnitine vs tamoxifen in the oral therapy of Peyronie's disease: a preliminary report.

  BJU international 20010701

• The action of acetyl-L-carnitine on the neurotoxicity evoked by amyloid fragments and peroxide on primary rat cortical neurones.

  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 20010601

• A polymeric microfluidic chip for CE/MS determination of small molecules.

  Analytical chemistry 20010501

• A new technique to elevate night time growth hormone release and a potential growth hormone feedback control loop.

  Medical hypotheses 20010501

• Chip-based quantitative capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry determination of drugs in human plasma.

  Analytical chemistry 20010401

• Acetyl-L-carnitine enhances Na(+), K(+)-ATPase glutathione-S-transferase and multiple unit activity and reduces lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin concentration in aged rat brain regions.

  Neuroscience letters 20010323

• Enzymatic determination of acetylcarnitine for diagnostic applications.

  Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 20010301

• Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment stimulates oxygen consumption and biosynthetic function in perfused liver of young and old rats.

  Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 20010301

• Hepatic mitochondrial proteins in congenitally hyperammonemic spf mice: effect of acetyl-L-carnitine.

  Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 20010301

• A 1-year controlled trial of acetyl-L-carnitine in early-onset AD.

  Neurology 20010213

• Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine on the formation of fatty acid ethyl esters in brain and peripheral organs after short-term ethanol administration in rat.

  Neurochemical research 20010201

• Acetyl-L-carnitine infusion increases glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patients.

  Metabolism: clinical and experimental 20000601

• beta-lactam antibiotics as substrates for OCTN2, an organic cation/carnitine transporter.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20000121

• Acetyl-carnitine deficiency in AIDS patients with neurotoxicity on treatment with antiretroviral nucleoside analogues.

  AIDS (London, England) 19970201

• L-acetylcarnitine treatment of mental decline in the elderly.

  Drugs under experimental and clinical research 19940101

• [Effect of DL-carnitine and gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase inhibitor 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium) propionate on isoproterenol-induced changes in the metabolism of the rat myocardium].

  Voprosy meditsinskoi khimii 19880101

• Effect of clofibrate treatment on acylcarnitine oxidation in isolated rat liver mitochondria.

  Medical biology 19790201