590-46-5 | Betaine hydrochloride

Packsize	Purity	Availability	Price	Discounted Price
5g	98%	in stock	$25.00	$17.00
25g	98%	in stock	$33.00	$23.00
250g	98%	in stock	$54.00	$38.00
1kg	98%	in stock	$86.00	$60.00
5kg	98%	in stock	$283.00	$198.00
10kg	98%	in stock	$540.00	$378.00

Description

• Catalog Number: AI53195
• Chemical Name: Betaine hydrochloride
• CAS Number: 590-46-5
• Molecular Formula: C5H12ClNO2
• Molecular Weight: 153.6073
• MDL Number: MFCD00011903
• SMILES: [O-]C(=O)C[N+](C)(C)C.Cl

Computed Properties

• Complexity: 93.1
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
• Heavy Atom Count: 9
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
• Rotatable Bond Count: 2

Literature

• Modulation of the Binding Affinity of Polyzwitterion-Conjugated Protein by Ion-Specific Effects in Crowded Environments.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20170803

• The organic osmolyte betaine induces keratin 2 expression in rat epidermal keratinocytes - A genome-wide study in UVB irradiated organotypic 3D cultures.

  Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA 20151225

• Regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and apoptotic pathways by betaine attenuates isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial injury in rats.

  Human & experimental toxicology 20150501

• A robust graft-to strategy to form multifunctional and stealth zwitterionic polymer-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles.

  Biomacromolecules 20140512

• Betaine supplementation protects against renal injury induced by cadmium intoxication in rats: role of oxidative stress and caspase-3.

  Environmental toxicology and pharmacology 20140301

• Survival and psychomotor development with early betaine treatment in patients with severe methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.

  JAMA neurology 20140201

• Wilson's disease: changes in methionine metabolism and inflammation affect global DNA methylation in early liver disease.

  Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 20130201

• Plasma protein adsorption to zwitterionic poly (carboxybetaine methacrylate) modified surfaces: chain chemistry and end-group effects on protein adsorption kinetics, adsorbed amounts and immunoblots.

  Biointerphases 20121201

• In search of the thermo/halochromism of the E(T)(30) pyridinium-N-phenolate betaine dye.

  Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 20121201

• Glycine betaine: a widely reported osmolyte induces differential and selective conformational stability and enhances aggregation in some proteins in the presence of surfactants.

  Biopolymers 20121201

• Anabaena sp. PCC7120 transformed with glycine methylation genes from Aphanothece halophytica synthesized glycine betaine showing increased tolerance to salt.

  Archives of microbiology 20121101

• The effect of lightly crosslinked poly(carboxybetaine) hydrogel coating on the performance of sensors in whole blood.

  Biomaterials 20121101

• The carnitine biosynthetic pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana shares similar features with the pathway of mammals and fungi.

  Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB 20121101

• Betaine inhibits in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through suppression of the NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways.

  International journal of oncology 20121101

• Effects of dietary betaine on milk yield and milk composition of mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows.

  Journal of dairy science 20121101

• Synthesis and in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of degradable shell cross-linked polymer nanoparticles with poly(carboxybetaine) versus poly(ethylene glycol) surface-grafted coatings.

  ACS nano 20121023

• Alternating-access mechanism in conformationally asymmetric trimers of the betaine transporter BetP.

  Nature 20121004

• Choline supplementation and measures of choline and betaine status: a randomised, controlled trial in postmenopausal women.

  The British journal of nutrition 20121001

• Metabolite profile shifts in the heathland lichen Cladonia portentosa in response to N deposition reveal novel biomarkers.

  Physiologia plantarum 20121001

• Methyl donors potentiates growth, metabolic status and neurotransmitter enzyme in Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to endosulfan and temperature.

  Fish physiology and biochemistry 20121001

• Synthesis, vibrational and quantum chemical investigations of hydrogen bonded complex betaine dihydrogen selenite.

  Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 20121001

• Blood biomarkers of methylation in Down syndrome and metabolic simulations using a mathematical model.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20121001

• Determination of trimethylamine in spinach, cabbage, and lettuce at alkaline pH by headspace solid-phase microextraction.

  Journal of food science 20121001

• The effect of a wound care solution containing polyhexanide and betaine on bacterial counts: results of an in vitro study .

  Ostomy/wound management 20121001

• Betaine homocysteine methyltransferase is active in the mouse blastocyst and promotes inner cell mass development.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20120921

• The effect of betaine on in vitro fermentation of carbohydrate and protein combinations under osmotic stress in pigs.

  Journal of the science of food and agriculture 20120901

• Rice choline monooxygenase (OsCMO) protein functions in enhancing glycine betaine biosynthesis in transgenic tobacco but does not accumulate in rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica).

  Plant cell reports 20120901

• Altered expression of apoA-I, apoA-IV and PON-1 activity in CBS deficient homocystinuria in the presence and absence of treatment: possible implications for cardiovascular outcomes.

  Molecular genetics and metabolism 20120901

• Chemical analysis of complex organic mixtures using reactive nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

  Analytical chemistry 20120821

• Effect of long-term betaine supplementation on chemical and physical characteristics of three muscles from the Alentejano pig.

  Journal of the science of food and agriculture 20120815

• Superhydrophilic zwitterionic polymers stabilize liposomes.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20120807

• Dietary choline, betaine and lecithin mitigates endosulfan-induced stress in Labeo rohita fingerlings.

  Fish physiology and biochemistry 20120801

• Design and characterization of sulfobetaine-containing terpolymer biomaterials.

  Acta biomaterialia 20120801

• Copolymer nanoparticles composed of sulfobetaine and poly(ε-caprolactone) as novel anticancer drug carriers.

  Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A 20120801

• Overexpression of serine hydroxymethyltransferase from halotolerant cyanobacterium in Escherichia coli results in increased accumulation of choline precursors and enhanced salinity tolerance.

  FEMS microbiology letters 20120801

• Direct cell encapsulation in biodegradable and functionalizable carboxybetaine hydrogels.

  Biomaterials 20120801

• Effect of short- and long-term treatment with valproate on carnitine homeostasis in humans.

  Therapeutic drug monitoring 20120801

• Identification of isethionic acid and other small molecule metabolites of Fragilariopsis cylindrus with nuclear magnetic resonance.

  Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 20120801

• Nitroolefins as a nucleophilic component for highly stereoselective aza Henry reaction under the catalysis of chiral ammonium betaines.

  Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 20120702

• Glycine and its N-methylated analogues cause pH-dependent membrane damage to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

  Amino acids 20120701

• Methylation capacity in children with severe cerebral palsy.

  European journal of clinical investigation 20120701

• Maternal intake of methyl-donor nutrients and child cognition at 3 years of age.

  Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology 20120701

• Solubilisation of the armadillo-repeat protein β-catenin using a zwitterionic detergent allows resolution of phosphorylated forms by 2DE.

  Electrophoresis 20120701

• Trigonelline and other betaines in species of Laminariales.

  Natural product communications 20120701

• Impact of dietary betaine and conjugated linoleic acid on insulin sensitivity, protein and fat metabolism of obese pigs.

  Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience 20120701

• Pretreatment of the yeast antagonist, Candida oleophila, with glycine betaine increases oxidative stress tolerance in the microenvironment of apple wounds.

  International journal of food microbiology 20120615

• pH-Specific structural speciation of the ternary V(V)-peroxido-betaine system: a chemical reactivity-structure correlation.

  Inorganic chemistry 20120604

• Creatine but not betaine supplementation increases muscle phosphorylcreatine content and strength performance.

  Amino acids 20120601

• Evaluation of wound-healing formulation against sulphur mustard-induced skin injury in mice.

  Human & experimental toxicology 20120601

• Differential in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE) analysis of CHO cells under hyperosmotic pressure: osmoprotective effect of glycine betaine addition.

  Biotechnology and bioengineering 20120601

• A case study on stress preconditioning of a Lactobacillus strain prior to freeze-drying.

  Cryobiology 20120601

• Zwitterionic polycarboxybetaine coating functionalized with REDV peptide to improve selectivity for endothelial cells.

  Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A 20120601

• The hydrogen-deuterium exchange at α-carbon atom in N,N,N-trialkylglycine residue: ESI-MS studies.

  Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 20120601

• Reactions of microsolvated organic compounds at ambient surfaces: droplet velocity, charge state, and solvent effects.

  Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 20120601

• Application of NMR-based metabonomics suggests a relationship between betaine absorption and elevated creatine plasma concentrations in catheterised sows.

  The British journal of nutrition 20120601

• Effects of genotype and environment on the contents of betaine, choline, and trigonelline in cereal grains.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20120530

• High transformation efficiency of Bacillus subtilis with integrative DNA using glycine betaine as osmoprotectant.

  Analytical biochemistry 20120515

• Investigation of the hydration of nonfouling material poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20120515

• Biocompatible zwitterionic sulfobetaine copolymer-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles for temperature-responsive drug release.

  Macromolecular rapid communications 20120514

• Suppressing surface reconstruction of superhydrophobic PDMS using a superhydrophilic zwitterionic polymer.

  Biomacromolecules 20120514

• Occupational contact allergy to cocamidopropyl betaine and its impurities.

  Contact dermatitis 20120501

• Overexpression in a non-native halophilic host and biotechnological potential of NAD+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase from Halobacterium salinarum strain NRC-36014.

  Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions 20120501

• Use of Raman spectroscopy for identification of compatible solutes in halophilic bacteria.

  Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions 20120501

• Dietary vitamin D and AMD.

  Ophthalmology 20120501

• Supplementing sow gestation diets with betaine during summer increases litter size of sows with greater numbers of parities.

  Animal reproduction science 20120501

• Ionic nucleophilic catalysis of chiral ammonium betaines for highly stereoselective aldol reaction from oxindole-derived vinylic carbonates.

  Journal of the American Chemical Society 20120425

• A new approach to touch down method using betaine as co-solvent for increased specificity and intensity of GC rich gene amplification.

  Gene 20120415

• Comparing intracellular stability and targeting of sulfobetaine quantum dots with other surface chemistries in live cells.

  Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 20120410

• Zwitterionic polymer-based platform with two-layer architecture for ultra low fouling and high protein loading.

  Analytical chemistry 20120403

• Amino acid residues critical for the specificity for betaine aldehyde of the plant ALDH10 isoenzyme involved in the synthesis of glycine betaine.

  Plant physiology 20120401

• A glycine betaine importer limits Salmonella stress resistance and tissue colonization by reducing trehalose production.

  Molecular microbiology 20120401

• Recognition of betaine as an inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in activated microglial cells.

  Iranian biomedical journal 20120401

• Up-regulation of the betaine/GABA transporter BGT1 by JAK2.

  Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20120330

• Plasma betaine concentrations correlate with plasma cortisol but not with C-reactive protein in an elderly population.

  Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 20120318

• Reversibly switching the function of a surface between attacking and defending against bacteria.

  Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 20120312

• Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of a betaine-containing mouthwash and an intraoral device for the treatment of dry mouth.

  Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology 20120301

• Comparative genomics and functional analysis of the NiaP family uncover nicotinate transporters from bacteria, plants, and mammals.

  Functional & integrative genomics 20120301

• Long-term betaine therapy in a murine model of cystathionine beta-synthase deficient homocystinuria: decreased efficacy over time reveals a significant threshold effect between elevated homocysteine and thrombotic risk.

  Molecular genetics and metabolism 20120301

• The human OCTN1 (SLC22A4) reconstituted in liposomes catalyzes acetylcholine transport which is defective in the mutant L503F associated to the Crohn's disease.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20120301

• Gestational intake of methyl donors and global LINE-1 DNA methylation in maternal and cord blood: prospective results from a folate-replete population.

  Epigenetics 20120301

• Do dietary betaine and the antibiotic florfenicol influence the intestinal autochthonous bacterial community in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ♀ × O. aureus ♂)?

  World journal of microbiology & biotechnology 20120301

• Interaction of hexadecylbetainate chloride with biological relevant lipids.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20120221

• The positive halochromism of phenolate dyes in hydroxylic solutions of tetraalkylammonium cations.

  Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 20120215

• Excess nicotinamide inhibits methylation-mediated degradation of catecholamines in normotensives and hypertensives.

  Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 20120201

• The effect of SAMe and betaine on Hepa 1-6, C34 and E47 liver cell survival in vitro.

  Experimental and molecular pathology 20120201

• Triplex tetra-primer ARMS-PCR method for the simultaneous detection of MTHFR c.677C>T and c.1298A>C, and MTRR c.66A>G polymorphisms of the folate-homocysteine metabolic pathway.

  Molecular and cellular probes 20120201

• Influence of temperature and elevated carbon dioxide on the production of dimethylsulfoniopropionate and glycine betaine by marine phytoplankton.

  Marine environmental research 20120201

• A splicing variant leads to complete loss of function of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) gene in hepatocellular carcinoma.

  The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 20120201

• Coatings from micropatterned sulfobetaine polymer brushes as substrates for MC3T3-E1 cells.

  Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine 20120201

• Determination of nonprotein amino acids and betaines in vegetable oils by flow injection triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry: a screening method for the detection of adulterations of olive oils.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20120201

• Hydration behaviour of POPC/C(12)-Bet mixtures investigated by sorption gravimetry, (31)P NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.

  Chemistry and physics of lipids 20120201

• Synthesis and characterization of betaine-like diacyl lipids: zwitterionic lipids with the cationic amine at the bilayer interface.

  Chemistry and physics of lipids 20120201

• Effect of Azotobacter vinelandii and compatible solutes on germination wheat seeds and root concentrations of sodium and potassium under salt stress.

  Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS 20120201

• Comparison between two anionic reverse micelle interfaces: the role of water-surfactant interactions in interfacial properties.

  Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry 20120116

• Comprehensive solid-state NMR analysis reveals the effects of N-methylation on the molecular dynamics of glycine.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20120112

• Occurrence of pipecolic acid and pipecolic acid betaine (homostachydrine) in Citrus genus plants.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20120111

• Dual-functional ROMP-based betaines: effect of hydrophilicity and backbone structure on nonfouling properties.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20120110

• Allergic contact dermatitis to cocamidopropyl betaine in Colombia.

  Allergologia et immunopathologia 20120101

• Measurement of marine osmolytes in mammalian serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

  Analytical biochemistry 20120101

• Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Eucalyptus globulus using explants with shoot apex with introduction of bacterial choline oxidase gene to enhance salt tolerance.

  Plant cell reports 20120101

• Betaine excretion correlates with plasma homocysteine when plasma lipids are elevated.

  Clinical biochemistry 20120101

• Understanding UV-driven metabolism in the hypersaline ciliate Fabrea salina.

  European biophysics journal : EBJ 20120101

• Characterization of amino acid-derived betaines by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

  Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS 20120101

• The contrasting relationships between betaine and homocysteine in two clinical cohorts are associated with plasma lipids and drug treatments.

  PloS one 20120101

• [Hypolipidemic activity of trimethylglycine].

  Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia 20120101

• Modulation Role of abscisic acid (ABA) on growth, water relations and glycinebetaine metabolism in two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars under drought stress.

  International journal of molecular sciences 20120101

• Variability of plasma and urine betaine in diabetes mellitus and its relationship to methionine load test responses: an observational study.

  Cardiovascular diabetology 20120101

• Improved tolerance to various abiotic stresses in transgenic sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) expressing spinach betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase.

  PloS one 20120101

• Betaine and secondary events in an acute coronary syndrome cohort.

  PloS one 20120101

• Influence of media composition on the production of alkaline α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis CB-18.

  Acta scientiarum polonorum. Technologia alimentaria 20120101

• Effects of betaine supplementation and choline deficiency on folate deficiency-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in rats.

  Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 20120101

• Investigation of the skin sensitizing properties of 5 osmolytic prodrugs in a weight-of-evidence assessment, employing in silico, in vivo, and read across analyses.

  International journal of toxicology 20120101

• Metabolic profiling in Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and young onset type 2 diabetes fails to detect robust urinary biomarkers.

  PloS one 20120101

• Final report of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel on the safety assessment of cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB).

  International journal of toxicology 20120101

• Effects of exogenous proline and glycinebetaine on the salt tolerance of rice cultivars.

  Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 20120101

• Early second trimester maternal plasma choline and betaine are related to measures of early cognitive development in term infants.

  PloS one 20120101

• Sodium-dependent uptake of glutamate by novel ApGltS enhanced growth under salt stress of halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica.

  Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 20120101

• Chemical chaperones improve protein secretion and rescue mutant factor VIII in mice with hemophilia A.

  PloS one 20120101

• Efficiency influence of exogenous betaine on anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor treating high salinity mustard tuber wastewater.

  Environmental technology 20120101

• Choline and betaine food sources and intakes in Taiwanese.

  Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition 20120101

• Covalent linkage of N-methyl-6-oxyquinolinium betaine to trehalose.

  Carbohydrate research 20111227

• Zwitterionic sulfobetaine lipids that form vesicles with salt-dependent thermotropic properties.

  Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) 20111221

• Phase behavior of poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)-grafted silica nanoparticles and their stability in protein solutions.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20111220

• Role of bundle helices in a regulatory crosstalk in the trimeric betaine transporter BetP.

  Journal of molecular biology 20111202

• Betaine prevents ethanol-induced oxidative stress and reduces total homocysteine in the rat cerebellum.

  Journal of physiology and biochemistry 20111201

• Phosphatidylcholine protects against steatosis in mice but not non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20111201

• Isolation and characterization of a novel peroxisomal choline monooxygenase in barley.

  Planta 20111201

• Influence of stabilizers cosolutes on catalase conformation.

  International journal of biological macromolecules 20111201

• Biochemical effect of carbaryl on oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes and osmolytes of cyanobacterium Calothrix brevissima.

  Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 20111201

• The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on exercise performance, skeletal muscle oxygen saturation and associated biochemical parameters in resistance trained men.

  Journal of strength and conditioning research 20111201

• Development of biocompatible silicone hyrogels with high resistance to protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion.

  Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society 20111130

• Variation of polyphenols and betaines in aerial parts of young, field-grown Amaranthus genotypes.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20111123

• Derivatives of R-aminocarnitine without ammonium moiety as liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (L-CPT I) inhibitors.

  ChemMedChem 20111104

• Osmolyte effects on protein stability and solubility: a balancing act between backbone and side-chains.

  Biophysical chemistry 20111101

• Glycinebetaine enhances the tolerance of tomato plants to high temperature during germination of seeds and growth of seedlings.

  Plant, cell & environment 20111101

• Studies on the protective effects of betaine against oxidative damage during experimentally induced restraint stress in Wistar albino rats.

  Cell stress & chaperones 20111101

• Glycinebetaine and abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

  Plant signaling & behavior 20111101

• Solvent blends can control cationic reversed micellar interdroplet interactions. The effect of n-heptane:benzene mixture on BHDC reversed micellar interfacial properties: droplet sizes and micropolarity.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20111027

• Chaotrope vs. kosmotrope: which one has lower friction?

  The Journal of chemical physics 20111021

• Rapid NMR method for the quantification of organic compounds in thin stillage.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20111012

• Poly(carboxybetaine methacrylamide)-modified nanoparticles: a model system for studying the effect of chain chemistry on film properties, adsorbed protein conformation, and clot formation kinetics.

  Biomacromolecules 20111010

• Zwitterionic polymersomes in an ionic liquid: room temperature TEM characterization.

  Biomacromolecules 20111010

• Volumetric characterization of interactions of glycine betaine with protein groups.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20111006

• Salt adaptation in Acinetobacter baylyi: identification and characterization of a secondary glycine betaine transporter.

  Archives of microbiology 20111001

• Decreased serum betaine concentrations in patients after bariatric surgery.

  Obesity surgery 20111001

• Uniform zwitterionic polymer hydrogels with a nonfouling and functionalizable crosslinker using photopolymerization.

  Biomaterials 20111001

• Betaine feeding prevents the blood alcohol cycle in rats fed alcohol continuously for 1 month using the rat intragastric tube feeding model.

  Experimental and molecular pathology 20111001

• Pattern of solutes accumulated during leaf osmotic adjustment as related to duration of water deficit for wheat at the reproductive stage.

  Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB 20111001

• Ascaridole, a sensitizing component of tea tree oil, patch tested at 1% and 5% in two series of patients.

  Contact dermatitis 20111001

• [Research advances in the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia].

  Sheng li ke xue jin zhan [Progress in physiology] 20111001

• Expression and substrate specificity of betaine/proline transporters suggest a novel choline transport mechanism in sugar beet.

  Journal of plant physiology 20110915

• Betaines in fruits of Citrus genus plants.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20110914

• Mildronate treatment improves functional recovery following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

  Behavioural brain research 20110912

• Carboxybetaine methacrylate polymers offer robust, long-term protection against cell adhesion.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20110906

• Gap junctions favor normal rat kidney epithelial cell adaptation to chronic hypertonicity.

  American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 20110901

• Carboxylate and aromatic active-site residues are determinants of high-affinity binding of ω-aminoaldehydes to plant aminoaldehyde dehydrogenases.

  The FEBS journal 20110901

• Mildronate treatment alters γ-butyrobetaine and l-carnitine concentrations in healthy volunteers.

  The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology 20110901

• Separation of -amino acids using a series of zwitterionic sulfobetaine exchangers.

  Journal of chromatographic science 20110901

• Betaine and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: back to the future?

  World journal of gastroenterology 20110828

• Arg149 is involved in switching the low affinity, open state of the binding protein AfProX into its high affinity, closed state.

  Journal of molecular biology 20110805

• Metabolomes of the psychrotolerant bacterium Listeria monocytogenes 10403S grown at 37 °C and 8 °C.

  International journal of food microbiology 20110802

• Penetration behaviour of alkylbetainate chlorides into lipid monolayers.

  Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 20110801

• Constitutive induction of pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines in cystathionine beta-synthase deficient homocystinuria.

  Molecular genetics and metabolism 20110801

• The role of trimerization in the osmoregulated betaine transporter BetP.

  EMBO reports 20110801

• Biomarkers related to one-carbon metabolism as potential risk factors for distal colorectal adenomas.

  Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 20110801

• Effect of 15 days of betaine ingestion on concentric and eccentric force outputs during isokinetic exercise.

  Journal of strength and conditioning research 20110801

• Transformation of tomato with a bacterial codA gene enhances tolerance to salt and water stresses.

  Journal of plant physiology 20110715

• Ab initio study of the anomalous solvatochromic behavior of large betaines.

  The journal of physical chemistry. A 20110714

• Thermodynamic and structural characterization of zwitterionic micelles of the membrane protein solubilizing amidosulfobetaine surfactants ASB-14 and ASB-16.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20110705

• Betaine removal during thermo- and mesophilic aerobic batch biodegradation of beet molasses vinasse: influence of temperature and pH on the progress and efficiency of the process.

  Journal of environmental management 20110701

• What predicts non-retention in microbicide trials?

  Contemporary clinical trials 20110701

• Influence of betaine and conjugated linoleic acid on development of carcass cuts of Iberian pigs growing from 20 to 50 kg body weight.

  Meat science 20110701

• Study of zwitterionic sulfopropylbetaine containing reactive siloxanes for application in antibacterial materials.

  Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 20110701

• Smoking, dietary betaine, methionine, and vitamin D in monozygotic twins with discordant macular degeneration: epigenetic implications.

  Ophthalmology 20110701

• Molecular dynamics simulation study of ion interactions with zwitterions.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20110630

• Enhancing blood compatibility of biodegradable polymers by introducing sulfobetaine.

  Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A 20110615

• Metabolomics reveals attenuation of the SLC6A20 kidney transporter in nonhuman primate and mouse models of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20110603

• Protective effect of quercetin, EGCG, catechin and betaine against oxidative stress induced by ethanol in vitro.

  Experimental and molecular pathology 20110601

• Betaine supplementation and the metabolic syndrome.

  European journal of clinical nutrition 20110601

• Differences in strategies to combat osmotic stress in Burkholderia cenocepacia elucidated by NMR-based metabolic profiling.

  Letters in applied microbiology 20110601

• Determination of betaines in vegetable oils by capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry--application to the detection of olive oil adulteration with seed oils.

  Electrophoresis 20110601

• Dietary supplementation with methyl donor groups could prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver.

  Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 20110601

• [Effects of salinity and betaine on BHMT mRNA expression in Lateolabrax japonicus].

  Dong wu xue yan jiu = Zoological research 20110601

• Cellular zwitterionic metabolite analogs simultaneously enhance reaction rate, thermostability, salt tolerance, and substrate specificity of α-glucosidase.

  Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 20110515

• Unimolecular chemistry of doubly protonated zwitterionic clusters.

  The journal of physical chemistry. A 20110505

• A whole-grain cereal-rich diet increases plasma betaine, and tends to decrease total and LDL-cholesterol compared with a refined-grain diet in healthy subjects.

  The British journal of nutrition 20110501

• Maternal methyl-donor supplementation induces prolonged murine offspring colitis susceptibility in association with mucosal epigenetic and microbiomic changes.

  Human molecular genetics 20110501

• A role for proline synthesis and transport in Listeria monocytogenes barotolerance.

  Journal of applied microbiology 20110501

• Structure and unimolecular chemistry of protonated sulfur betaines, (CH3)2S(+)(CH2)(n)CO2H (n = 1 and 2).

  Organic & biomolecular chemistry 20110421

• Cardiovascular disease: the diet-microbe morbid union.

  Nature 20110407

• Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.

  Nature 20110407

• Substrate specificity and ion coupling in the Na+/betaine symporter BetP.

  The EMBO journal 20110406

• Studies of dimethylglycine oxidase isoenzymes in Arthrobacter globiformis cells.

  Current microbiology 20110401

• Hippocampal betaine/GABA transporter mRNA expression is not regulated by inflammation or dehydration post-status epilepticus.

  Journal of neurochemistry 20110401

• Mutational and transcriptional analyses of the Staphylococcus aureus low-affinity proline transporter OpuD during in vitro growth and infection of murine tissues.

  FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 20110401

• Structural asymmetry in a trimeric Na+/betaine symporter, BetP, from Corynebacterium glutamicum.

  Journal of molecular biology 20110401

• Zwitterionic sulfobetaine-grafted poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane with highly effective blood compatibility via atmospheric plasma-induced surface copolymerization.

  ACS applied materials & interfaces 20110401

• Is cocamidopropyl betaine a contact allergen? Analysis of network data and short review of the literature.

  Contact dermatitis 20110401

• Isolation and characterization of proline/betaine transporter gene from oil palm.

  Tree physiology 20110401

• Natural osmolytes remodel the aggregation pathway of mutant huntingtin exon 1.

  Biochemistry 20110329

• Glycine betaine improves oxidative stress tolerance and biocontrol efficacy of the antagonistic yeast Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum.

  International journal of food microbiology 20110315

• Metadynamics study of a β-hairpin stability in mixed solvents.

  Journal of the American Chemical Society 20110309

• Comparative effects of various commercially available mouthrinse formulations on oral malodor.

  Oral diseases 20110301

• Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on lipogenesis gene expression and CpG methylation of lipoprotein lipase gene in broilers.

  Molecular biology reports 20110301

• Compatible solute biosynthesis in cyanobacteria.

  Environmental microbiology 20110301

• Separation of inorganic anions using a series of sulfobetaine exchangers.

  Journal of chromatography. A 20110225

• Importance of a serine proximal to the C(4a) and N(5) flavin atoms for hydride transfer in choline oxidase.

  Biochemistry 20110208

• Local and bulk hydration of zwitterionic glycine and its analogues through molecular simulations.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20110203

• Choline and betaine in health and disease.

  Journal of inherited metabolic disease 20110201

• Restoring assembly and activity of cystathionine β-synthase mutants by ligands and chemical chaperones.

  Journal of inherited metabolic disease 20110201

• Subtle decreases in DNA methylation and gene expression at the mouse Igf2 locus following prenatal alcohol exposure: effects of a methyl-supplemented diet.

  Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) 20110201

• Functionalizable and nonfouling zwitterionic carboxybetaine hydrogels with a carboxybetaine dimethacrylate crosslinker.

  Biomaterials 20110201

• Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase genes from Arabidopsis with different sub-cellular localization affect stress responses.

  Planta 20110201

• Ethanol lowers glutathione in rat liver and brain and inhibits methionine synthase in a cobalamin-dependent manner.

  Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research 20110201

• Zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine) hydrogels for glucose biosensors in complex media.

  Biosensors & bioelectronics 20110115

• Heterologous expression of ApGSMT2 and ApDMT2 genes from Aphanothece halophytica enhanced drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco.

  Molecular biology reports 20110101

• Molecular biology of cyanobacterial salt acclimation.

  FEMS microbiology reviews 20110101

• Enhanced gene transfection and serum stability of polyplexes by PDMAEMA-polysulfobetaine diblock copolymers.

  Biomaterials 20110101

• Glycinebetaine protects plants against abiotic stress: mechanisms and biotechnological applications.

  Plant, cell & environment 20110101

• Long-term effect of betaine on risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in healthy subjects.

  European journal of clinical nutrition 20110101

• Toxicity of the amphoteric surfactant, cocamidopropyl betaine, to the marine macroalga, Ulva lactuca.

  Ecotoxicology (London, England) 20110101

• Imaging lipid synthesis in hepatocellular carcinoma with [methyl-11c]choline: correlation with in vivo metabolic studies.

  Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 20110101

• The effects of water replacement by oral rehydration fluids with or without betaine supplementation on performance, acid-base balance, and water retention of heat-stressed broiler chickens.

  Poultry science 20110101

• Genome-scale reconstruction of metabolic network for a halophilic extremophile, Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043.

  BMC systems biology 20110101

• Bunga Pad-induced ankle dermatitis in a figure skater.

  Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 20110101

• Effects of exogenous glycinebetaine and trehalose on lead accumulation in an aquatic plant (Lemna gibba L.).

  International journal of phytoremediation 20110101

• Novel insights into the diversity of catabolic metabolism from ten haloarchaeal genomes.

  PloS one 20110101

• A hyperpolarized choline molecular probe for monitoring acetylcholine synthesis.

  Contrast media & molecular imaging 20110101

• Intercluster reactions show that (CH3)2S(+)CH2CO2H is a better methyl cation donor than (CH3)3N(+)CH2CO2H.

  European journal of mass spectrometry (Chichester, England) 20110101

• Amelioration of D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in rats by dietary supplementation with betaine derived from sugar beet molasses.

  Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 20110101

• Plasma lipids and betaine are related in an acute coronary syndrome cohort.

  PloS one 20110101

• Characterization and regulation of the osmolyte betaine synthesizing enzymes GSMT and SDMT from halophilic methanogen Methanohalophilus portucalensis.

  PloS one 20110101

• Carnitine precursor γ-butyrobetaine is a novel substrate of the Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent GABA transporter Gat2.

  Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics 20110101

• Effects of betaine on lipopolysaccharide-induced memory impairment in mice and the involvement of GABA transporter 2.

  Journal of neuroinflammation 20110101

• Nerve and behavioral responses of mice to various umami substances.

  Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 20110101

• Evidence for a sodium-dependent proline and glycine-betaine uptake in the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum.

  Mikrobiologiia 20110101

• Covalent modification of gaseous peptide ions with N-hydroxysuccinimide ester reagent ions.

  Journal of the American Chemical Society 20101229

• Difference in hydration between carboxybetaine and sulfobetaine.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20101216

• Quantification of acetylcholine, choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine in human plasma and urine using stable-isotope dilution ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

  Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 20101215

• Effect of graded levels of dietary betaine on ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities and intestinal bacterial metabolites in piglets.

  Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition 20101201

• A predictive ligand-based Bayesian model for human drug-induced liver injury.

  Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 20101201

• Identification and regulation of novel compatible solutes from hypersaline stromatolite-associated cyanobacteria.

  Archives of microbiology 20101201

• In vitro effects of ethanol with aspirin on rat brain synaptosomes: the potential protective role of betaine.

  The International journal of neuroscience 20101201

• Contraceptive efficacy, acceptability, and safety of C31G and nonoxynol-9 spermicidal gels: a randomized controlled trial.

  Obstetrics and gynecology 20101201

• Accumulation and role of compatible solutes in fast-growing Salinivibrio costicola subsp. yaniae.

  Canadian journal of microbiology 20101201

• Zwitterion-stabilized silica nanoparticles: toward nonstick nano.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20101116

• Molecular characterization of five patients with homocystinuria due to severe methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.

  Clinical genetics 20101101

• Reduction of protein adsorption on well-characterized polymer brush layers with varying chemical structures.

  Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 20101101

• Betaine improves nonalcoholic fatty liver and associated hepatic insulin resistance: a potential mechanism for hepatoprotection by betaine.

  American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 20101101

• Involvement and mechanism of DGAT2 upregulation in the pathogenesis of alcoholic fatty liver disease.

  Journal of lipid research 20101101

• Roles of TauT and system A in cytoprotection of rat syncytiotrophoblast cell line exposed to hypertonic stress.

  Placenta 20101101

• Enzymes involved in osmolyte synthesis: how does oxidative stress affect osmoregulation in renal cells?

  Life sciences 20101023

• Teasing apart a three-way symbiosis: transcriptome analyses of Curvularia protuberata in response to viral infection and heat stress.

  Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20101015

• Fibrates plus betaine: a winning combination?

  The New Zealand medical journal 20101015

• A novel transgenic mouse model of CBS-deficient homocystinuria does not incur hepatic steatosis or fibrosis and exhibits a hypercoagulative phenotype that is ameliorated by betaine treatment.

  Molecular genetics and metabolism 20101001

• Cystathionine beta-synthase null homocystinuric mice fail to exhibit altered hemostasis or lowering of plasma homocysteine in response to betaine treatment.

  Molecular genetics and metabolism 20101001

• The extremely halophilic bacterium Salicola marasensis IC10 accumulates the compatible solute betaine.

  Systematic and applied microbiology 20101001

• Inhibition of interferon-α-induced signaling by hyperosmolarity and hydrophobic bile acids.

  Biological chemistry 20101001

• Ultrafast vibrational Stark-effect spectroscopy: exploring charge-transfer reactions by directly monitoring the solvation shell response.

  Journal of the American Chemical Society 20100922

• Engineering the polymer backbone to strengthen nonfouling sulfobetaine hydrogels.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20100921

• Proteomics analysis of flax grown in Chernobyl area suggests limited effect of contaminated environment on seed proteome.

  Environmental science & technology 20100915

• Structural basis of Na(+)-independent and cooperative substrate/product antiport in CaiT.

  Nature 20100909

• Practical methods for the measurement of logP for surfactants.

  Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 20100901

• A possible role of the non-GAT1 GABA transporters in transfer of GABA from GABAergic to glutamatergic neurons in mouse cerebellar neuronal cultures.

  Neurochemical research 20100901

• Research and synthesis of organosilicon nonthrombogenic materials containing sulfobetaine group.

  Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 20100901

• Simple surface modification of a titanium alloy with silanated zwitterionic phosphorylcholine or sulfobetaine modifiers to reduce thrombogenicity.

  Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 20100901

• Sulfoalkylbetaine-based monolithic column with mixed-mode of hydrophilic interaction and strong anion-exchange stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography.

  Electrophoresis 20100901

• The biocompatibility of sulfobetaine engineered poly (ethylene terephthalate) by surface entrapment technique.

  Journal of biomaterials applications 20100801

• Deletion of murine choline dehydrogenase results in diminished sperm motility.

  FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20100801

• Choline intake and genetic polymorphisms influence choline metabolite concentrations in human breast milk and plasma.

  The American journal of clinical nutrition 20100801

• Choline and osmotic-stress tolerance induced in Arabidopsis by the soil microbe Bacillus subtilis (GB03).

  Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI 20100801

• Double-blind therapeutic trial in Angelman syndrome using betaine and folic acid.

  American journal of medical genetics. Part A 20100801

• Modulation of barnacle (Balanus amphitrite Darwin) cyprid settlement behavior by sulfobetaine and carboxybetaine methacrylate polymer coatings.

  Biofouling 20100801

• Ultrafast excited-state dynamics of a series of zwitterionic pyridinium phenoxides with increasing sterical hindering.

  Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology 20100730

• Impaired de novo choline synthesis explains why phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice are protected from diet-induced obesity.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20100716

• Chemoattraction to dimethylsulfoniopropionate throughout the marine microbial food web.

  Science (New York, N.Y.) 20100716

• Integrated antimicrobial and nonfouling hydrogels to inhibit the growth of planktonic bacterial cells and keep the surface clean.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20100706

• Determination of betaine metabolites and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in coral tissues using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and stable isotope-labeled internal standards.

  Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 20100701

• Dietary intake of S-(alpha-carboxybutyl)-DL-homocysteine induces hyperhomocysteinemia in rats.

  Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) 20100701

• Arsenic(III) methylation in betaine-nontronite clay-water suspensions under environmental conditions.

  Journal of hazardous materials 20100615

• A unified rapid PCR method for detection of normal and expanded trinucleotide alleles of CAG repeats in huntington chorea and CGG repeats in fragile X syndrome.

  Molecular biotechnology 20100601

• Structural evolution of oleyl betainate aggregates: in situ formation of small unilamellar vesicles.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20100601

• The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism.

  Clinical biochemistry 20100601

• Characterization of a novel glycinebetaine/proline transporter gene expressed in the mestome sheath and lateral root cap cells in barley.

  Planta 20100601

• Quantitative analysis of surfactant deposits on human skin by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry.

  Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM 20100515

• Aminocarnitine ureidic derivatives as inhibitors of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I.

  ChemMedChem 20100503

• Expression of OCTN2 and OCTN3 in the apical membrane of rat renal cortex and medulla.

  Journal of cellular physiology 20100501

• Mechanism for prevention of alcohol-induced liver injury by dietary methyl donors.

  Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 20100501

• Betaine improved adipose tissue function in mice fed a high-fat diet: a mechanism for hepatoprotective effect of betaine in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

  American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 20100501

• Are dietary choline and betaine intakes determinants of total homocysteine concentration?

  The American journal of clinical nutrition 20100501

• Tunable bioadhesive copolymer hydrogels of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) containing zwitterionic polysulfobetaine.

  Biomacromolecules 20100412

• Small and stable sulfobetaine zwitterionic quantum dots for functional live-cell imaging.

  Journal of the American Chemical Society 20100407

• An analytical method for the determination of betaine (trimethylglycine) from hair.

  International journal of cosmetic science 20100401

• Simultaneous expression of choline oxidase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase in potato plant chloroplasts provides synergistically enhanced protection against various abiotic stresses.

  Physiologia plantarum 20100401

• Betaine yields from marine algal species utilized in the preparation of seaweed extracts used in agriculture.

  Natural product communications 20100401

• Inhibitory kinetics of betaine on beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase from prawn (Litopenaeus vannamei).

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20100324

• Preferential interactions between small solutes and the protein backbone: a computational analysis.

  Biochemistry 20100309

• Antioxidant defense of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats.

  Molecular biology reports 20100301

• Choline metabolism in glycinebetaine accumulating and non-accumulating near-isogenic lines of Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor.

  Phytochemistry 20100301

• Betaine protects chronic alcohol and omega-3 PUFA-mediated down-regulations of PON1 gene, serum PON1 and homocysteine thiolactonase activities with restoration of liver GSH.

  Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research 20100301

• Choline and betaine intake and the risk of colorectal cancer in men.

  Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 20100301

• Quantitative measurement of betaine and free choline in plasma, cereals and cereal products by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20100224

• Betaine inhibits toll-like receptor 4 expression in rats with ethanol-induced liver injury.

  World journal of gastroenterology 20100221

• Choline and betaine intake and risk of breast cancer among post-menopausal women.

  British journal of cancer 20100202

• Titration of betaine therapy to optimize therapy in an infant with 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.

  European journal of pediatrics 20100201

• Biofilm growth kinetics of a monomethylamine producing Alphaproteobacteria strain isolated from an anaerobic reactor.

  Anaerobe 20100201

• Flexible synthesis, structural determination, and synthetic application of a new C1-symmetric chiral ammonium betaine.

  Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) 20100114

• Dietary betaine and choline intake are not associated with risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.

  European journal of clinical nutrition 20100101

• Detection of red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

  Journal of virological methods 20100101

• Osmolyte-induced conformational changes in the Hsp90 molecular chaperone.

  Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 20100101

• The ATP-binding cassette transporter Cbc (choline/betaine/carnitine) recruits multiple substrate-binding proteins with strong specificity for distinct quaternary ammonium compounds.

  Molecular microbiology 20100101

• Betaines and dimethylsulfoniopropionate as major osmolytes in cnidaria with endosymbiotic dinoflagellates.

  Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ 20100101

• Analysis of internal osmolality in developing coral larvae, Fungia scutaria.

  Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ 20100101

• Glycyl betaine is effective in slowing down the irreversible denaturation of a detergent-solubilized membrane protein, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA1a).

  Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20100101

• Use of liposomes to study cellular osmosensors.

  Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 20100101

• CpG methylation of a silent controlling element in the murine Avy allele is incomplete and unresponsive to methyl donor supplementation.

  PloS one 20100101

• Low availability of carnitine precursors as a possible reason for the diminished plasma carnitine concentrations in pregnant women.

  BMC pregnancy and childbirth 20100101

• Ligand binding and crystal structures of the substrate-binding domain of the ABC transporter OpuA.

  PloS one 20100101

• Computational prediction of the osmoregulation network in Synechococcus sp. WH8102.

  BMC genomics 20100101

• DMSO and betaine greatly improve amplification of GC-rich constructs in de novo synthesis.

  PloS one 20100101

• ESI-MS/MS measurement of free carnitine and its precursor γ-butyrobetaine in plasma and dried blood spots from patients with organic acidurias and fatty acid oxidation disorders.

  Molecular genetics and metabolism 20100101

• [New polymer-drug systems based on natural and synthetic polymers].

  Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi 20100101

• Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of a solution containing propyl betaine and polihexanide for wound irrigation.

  Skin pharmacology and physiology 20100101

• Proline and glycinebetaine ameliorated NaCl stress via scavenging of hydrogen peroxide and methylglyoxal but not superoxide or nitric oxide in tobacco cultured cells.

  Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 20100101

• S-adenosyl-methionine and betaine improve early virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients with previous nonresponse.

  PloS one 20100101

• Metabolomic investigations of American oysters using H-NMR spectroscopy.

  Marine drugs 20100101

• Preferential accumulation of betaine uncoupled to choline monooxygenase in young leaves of sugar beet--importance of long-distance translocation of betaine under normal and salt-stressed conditions.

  Journal of plant physiology 20091215

• Dietary and supplementary betaine: effects on betaine and homocysteine concentrations in males.

  Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD 20091201

• Protective effect of betaine on changes in the levels of membrane-bound ATPase activity and mineral status in experimentally induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats.

  Biological trace element research 20091201

• Effects of long-term mildronate treatment on cardiac and liver functions in rats.

  Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology 20091201

• Glycine betaine enhances growth of nitrogen-fixing bacteria Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL5 under saline stress conditions.

  Current microbiology 20091201

• Quantitative metabolic profiles of 2nd and 3rd trimester human amniotic fluid using (1)H HR-MAS spectroscopy.

  Magma (New York, N.Y.) 20091201

• Betaine for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial.

  Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 20091201

• Assembly of hybrid bacteriophage Qbeta virus-like particles.

  Biochemistry 20091201

• Interactions of the osmolyte glycine betaine with molecular surfaces in water: thermodynamics, structural interpretation, and prediction of m-values.

  Biochemistry 20091103

• Protective effect of betaine on changes in the levels of lysosomal enzyme activities in heart tissue in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats.

  Cell stress & chaperones 20091101

• The effects of dietary betaine supplementation on fatty liver performance, serum parameters, histological changes, methylation status and the mRNA expression level of Spot14alpha in Landes goose fatty liver.

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 20091101

• Urea promotes TonEBP expression and cellular adaptation in extreme hypertonicity.

  Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology 20091101

• High intakes of choline and betaine reduce breast cancer mortality in a population-based study.

  FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20091101

• Imaging of lipids in atheroma by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

  Analytical chemistry 20091101

• Pharmacologic therapy of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

  Clinics in liver disease 20091101

• Evaluation of sulfobetaine-type polymer resin as an SPE adsorbent in the analysis of trace tetracycline antibiotics in honey.

  Journal of separation science 20091101

• Improved membrane protein solubilization and clean-up for optimum two-dimensional electrophoresis utilizing GLUT-1 as a classic integral membrane protein.

  Journal of neuroscience methods 20091030

• Electron-induced dissociation of doubly protonated betaine clusters: controlling fragmentation chemistry through electron energy.

  Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM 20091030

• Gas phase fragmentation of protonated betaine and its clusters.

  Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP 20091021

• Cyclodextrins and chitosan derivatives in sublingual delivery of low solubility peptides: A study using cyclosporin A, alpha-cyclodextrin and quaternary chitosan N-betainate.

  International journal of pharmaceutics 20091020

• Exogenous proline and glycinebetaine increase antioxidant enzyme activities and confer tolerance to cadmium stress in cultured tobacco cells.

  Journal of plant physiology 20091015

• Application of cross-conjugated heteroaromatic betaines to the synthesis of the schizozygane alkaloid (+/-)-strempeliopine.

  The Journal of organic chemistry 20091002

• Zwitterionic carboxybetaine polymer surfaces and their resistance to long-term biofilm formation.

  Biomaterials 20091001

• Fibrates may cause an abnormal urinary betaine loss which is associated with elevations in plasma homocysteine.

  Cardiovascular drugs and therapy 20091001

• Abscisic acid has contrasting effects on salt excretion and polyamine concentrations of an inland and a coastal population of the Mediterranean xero-halophyte species Atriplex halimus.

  Annals of botany 20091001

• Hepatic uptake of gamma-butyrobetaine, a precursor of carnitine biosynthesis, in rats.

  American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 20091001

• Characterization of osmolyte betaine synthesizing sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase from Methanohalophilus portucalensis.

  Archives of microbiology 20091001

• 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolic assessment in a rat model of obesity induced by a high-fat diet.

  Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 20091001

• Proline and glycinebetaine confer cadmium tolerance on tobacco bright yellow-2 cells by increasing ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzyme activities.

  Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 20091001

• A clinical puzzle: fibrates and homocysteine elevation: editorial to: 'fibrates may cause an abnormal urinary betaine loss which is associated with elevations in plasma homocysteine' by M. Lever et al.

  Cardiovascular drugs and therapy 20091001

• Rapid, direct analysis of cholesterol by charge labeling in reactive desorption electrospray ionization.

  Analytical chemistry 20090915

• Control of choline oxidation in rat kidney mitochondria.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20090901

• Carnitine status of pregnant women: effect of carnitine supplementation and correlation between iron status and plasma carnitine concentration.

  European journal of clinical nutrition 20090901

• Effect of moderate salinity stress treatment on the stimulation of proline uptake and growth in Escherichia coli CSH4 and its mutants under high salinity.

  Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 20090901

• Exogenous proline and glycinebetaine suppress apoplastic flow to reduce Na(+) uptake in rice seedlings.

  Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 20090901

• Hydration of sulphobetaine and tetra(ethylene glycol)-terminated self-assembled monolayers studied by sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20090820

• Metabolomic insight into soy sauce through (1)H NMR spectroscopy.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20090812

• The regulation of non-coding RNA expression in the liver of mice fed DDC.

  Experimental and molecular pathology 20090801

• Glycinebetaine-induced water-stress tolerance in codA-expressing transgenic indica rice is associated with up-regulation of several stress responsive genes.

  Plant biotechnology journal 20090801

• NMR-based metabonomics reveals that plasma betaine increases upon intake of high-fiber rye buns in hypercholesterolemic pigs.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20090801

• Preparation and evaluation of a sulfoalkylbetaine-based zwitterionic monolithic column for CEC of polar analytes.

  Electrophoresis 20090801

• Betaine anhydrous: new drug. Homocystinuria: continued evaluation needed.

  Prescrire international 20090801

• [Calcium channel mechanism by which betaine promotes proliferation of lymphocytes in mice].

  Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica 20090801

• Determination of carnitine, its short chain acyl esters and metabolic precursors trimethyllysine and gamma-butyrobetaine by quasi-solid phase extraction and MS/MS detection.

  Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 20090715

• Betaine administration corrects ethanol-induced defective VLDL secretion.

  Molecular and cellular biochemistry 20090701

• Activities of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase and concentrations of carnitine in tissues of pigs.

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 20090701

• Identification of genes required for Pseudomonas aeruginosa carnitine catabolism.

  Microbiology (Reading, England) 20090701

• S-Adenosylhomocysteine increases beta-amyloid formation in BV-2 microglial cells by increased expressions of beta-amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 and by hypomethylation of these gene promoters.

  Neurotoxicology 20090701

• Formation of specific dipolar microenvironments complementary to dipolar betaine dye by nonionic peptide lipids in nonpolar medium.

  Organic & biomolecular chemistry 20090607

• Recovery from adverse effects of heat stress on slow-growing chicks in the tropics 1: Effect of ascorbic acid and different levels of betaine.

  Tropical animal health and production 20090601

• Glycine betaine may have opposite effects on protein stability at high and low pH values.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20090601

• Betaine supplementation attenuates atherosclerotic lesion in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.

  European journal of nutrition 20090601

• Rat serum carboxylesterase partly hydrolyses gamma-butyrobetaine esters.

  Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju 20090601

• Engineering of ion sensing by the cystathionine beta-synthase module of the ABC transporter OpuA.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20090522

• The osmolyte betaine promotes protein misfolding and disruption of protein aggregates.

  Proteins 20090501

• Plasma and urine betaine and dimethylglycine variation in healthy young male subjects.

  Clinical biochemistry 20090501

• A study of the treatment of Rett syndrome with folate and betaine.

  Journal of child neurology 20090501

• Proteomic analysis of salt-stressed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings: effect of genotype and exogenous application of glycinebetaine.

  Journal of experimental botany 20090501

• Alcoholic liver disease and methionine metabolism.

  Seminars in liver disease 20090501

• One-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk: prospective investigation of seven circulating B vitamins and metabolites.

  Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 20090501

• A novel limb in the osmoregulatory network of Methanosarcina mazei Gö1: N(epsilon)-acetyl-beta-lysine can be substituted by glutamate and alanine.

  Environmental microbiology 20090501

• [Methyl-containing diet of mothers affects the AGOUTI gene expression in the offspring of rats with various behavioral types].

  Genetika 20090501

• Chitosan N-betainates/DNA self-assembly nanoparticles for gene delivery: in vitro uptake and transfection efficiency.

  International journal of pharmaceutics 20090417

• Proteomics reveal a concerted upregulation of methionine metabolic pathway enzymes, and downregulation of carbonic anhydrase-III, in betaine supplemented ethanol-fed rats.

  Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20090417

• Metabolic profile changes in the testes of mice with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus.

  International journal of andrology 20090401

• Betaine prevents Mallory-Denk body formation in drug-primed mice by epigenetic mechanisms.

  Experimental and molecular pathology 20090401

• Genetic analysis of the role of the ABC transporter Ota and Otb in glycine betaine transport in Methanosarcina mazei Gö1.

  Archives of microbiology 20090401

• Role of dynamic flexibility in computing solvatochromic properties of dye-solvent systems: o-betaine in water.

  The journal of physical chemistry. A 20090319

• Mass spectrometric quantification of neutral and sialylated N-glycans from a recombinant therapeutic glycoprotein produced in the two Chinese hamster ovary cell lines.

  Analytical biochemistry 20090315

• Multiprobe spectroscopic investigation of molecular-level behavior within aqueous 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20090312

• Analysis of betaine and choline contents of aleurone, bran, and flour fractions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20090311

• Molecular basis of transport and regulation in the Na(+)/betaine symporter BetP.

  Nature 20090305

• The transgene pyramiding tobacco with betaine synthesis and heterologous expression of AtNHX1 is more tolerant to salt stress than either of the tobacco lines with betaine synthesis or AtNHX1.

  Physiologia plantarum 20090301

• Betaine (trimethylglycine) as a nutritional agent prevents oxidative stress after chronic ethanol consumption in pancreatic tissue of rats.

  International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition 20090301

• A nondetergent sulfobetaine improves protein unfolding reversibility in microcalorimetric studies.

  Analytical biochemistry 20090215

• Simultaneous measurement of proline and related compounds in oak leaves by high-performance ligand-exchange chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for environmental stress studies.

  Journal of chromatography. A 20090213

• Alleviation of dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury and fibrosis by betaine supplementation in rats.

  Chemico-biological interactions 20090212

• Prevention of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor protein aggregation in recombinant Pichia pastoris fed-batch fermentation using additives.

  Biotechnology and applied biochemistry 20090201

• Codeposition of dNTPs detection for rapid LAMP-based sexing of bovine embryos.

  Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene 20090201

• High casein diet decreases plasma homocysteine concentration in rats.

  Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 20090201

• Dietary betaine affect duodenal histology of broilers challenged with a mixed coccidial infection.

  Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS 20090201

• Proline and glycinebetaine induce antioxidant defense gene expression and suppress cell death in cultured tobacco cells under salt stress.

  Journal of plant physiology 20090130

• Quantum mechanical study and vibrational spectra of indazolium-3-carboxylate and its decarboxylation product, the N-heterocyclic carbene indazol-3-ylidene.

  Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP 20090114

• Anti-biofouling properties of polymers with a carboxybetaine moiety.

  Macromolecular bioscience 20090109

• Synthesis of 1-octadecyl 5-betainylamino-5-deoxy-beta-D-fructopyranoside hydrochloride as a new long-chain cationic sugar-based surfactant.

  Carbohydrate research 20090105

• A moderate excess of dietary lysine lowers plasma and tissue carnitine concentrations in pigs.

  The British journal of nutrition 20090101

• Choline status is not a reliable indicator of moderate changes in dietary choline consumption in premenopausal women.

  The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 20090101

• Plasma dependent and independent accumulation of betaine in male and female rat tissues.

  Physiological research 20090101

• Tolerance of combined submergence and salinity in the halophytic stem-succulent Tecticornia pergranulata.

  Annals of botany 20090101

• Betaine structure and the presence of hydroxyl groups alters the effects on DNA melting temperatures.

  Biopolymers 20090101

• Heterologous expression and characterization of choline oxidase from the soil bacterium Arthrobacter nicotianae.

  Applied microbiology and biotechnology 20090101

• Unique potentiometric detection systems for HPLC determination of some steroids in human urine.

  Journal of separation science 20090101

• Repeatability and measurement error in the assessment of choline and betaine dietary intake: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

  Nutrition journal 20090101

• Mildronate, a regulator of energy metabolism, reduces atherosclerosis in apoE/LDLR-/- mice.

  Pharmacology 20090101

• Betaines in four additional phyla of green plants.

  Natural product communications 20090101

• FRAP analysis on red alga reveals the fluorescence recovery is ascribed to intrinsic photoprocesses of phycobilisomes than large-scale diffusion.

  PloS one 20090101

• Preservation and modulation of peritoneal function. A potential role of pyruvate and betaine.

  Contributions to nephrology 20090101

• Assessment of the effect of betaine on p16 and c-myc DNA methylation and mRNA expression in a chemical induced rat liver cancer model.

  BMC cancer 20090101

• A pyridinium-barbiturate-betaine dye with pronounced negative solvatochromism: a new approach for molecular recognition.

  Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 20090101

• Zwitterionic hydrogels: an in vivo implantation study.

  Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition 20090101

• Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyridinebetaine A and B.

  Natural product research 20090101

• Molds, mycotoxins, and nutrition.

  Toxicology and industrial health 20090101

• Ultraviolet A induces transport of compatible organic osmolytes in human dermal fibroblasts.

  Experimental dermatology 20081201

• IRMPD spectra of Gly.NH4 + and proton-bound betaine dimer: evidence for the smallest gas phase zwitterionic structures.

  Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS 20081201

• Re-engineering Escherichia coli for ethanol production.

  Biotechnology letters 20081201

• The hydrolysis of cationic polycarboxybetaine esters to zwitterionic polycarboxybetaines with controlled properties.

  Biomaterials 20081201

• SIT1 is a betaine/proline transporter that is activated in mouse eggs after fertilization and functions until the 2-cell stage.

  Development (Cambridge, England) 20081201

• A novel, environmentally friendly sodium lauryl ether sulfate-, cocamidopropyl betaine-, cocamide monoethanolamine-containing buffer for MEKC on microfluidic devices.

  Electrophoresis 20081201

• Choline deprivation induces hyperhomocysteinemia in rats fed low methionine diets.

  Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 20081201

• The chameleon-like nature of zwitterionic micelles: the intrinsic relationship of anion and cation binding in sulfobetaine micelles.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20081120

• Regulatory properties and interaction of the C- and N-terminal domains of BetP, an osmoregulated betaine transporter from Corynebacterium glutamicum.

  Biochemistry 20081118

• Improved large-scale production of vitamin B12 by Pseudomonas denitrificans with betaine feeding.

  Bioresource technology 20081101

• Chilling stress response of postemergent cotton seedlings.

  Physiologia plantarum 20081101

• Ex vivo reconditioning of marginal donor lungs injured by acid aspiration.

  The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation 20081101

• [Studies on chemical constituents of cultivated Cistanche salsa].

  Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials 20081101

• Multiply protonated betaine clusters are stable in the gas phase.

  Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) 20081028

• Mildronate decreases carnitine availability and up-regulates glucose uptake and related gene expression in the mouse heart.

  Life sciences 20081024

• Effect of inhibiting carnitine biosynthesis on male rat sexual performance.

  Physiology & behavior 20081020

• Effect of N-betainate and N-piperazine derivatives of chitosan on the paracellular transport of mannitol in Caco-2 cells.

  European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 20081002

• An effective and simplified pH-stat control strategy for the industrial fermentation of vitamin B(12) by Pseudomonas denitrificans.

  Bioprocess and biosystems engineering 20081001

• The FRO2 ferric reductase is required for glycine betaine's effect on chilling tolerance in Arabidopsis roots.

  Physiologia plantarum 20081001

• Dietary factors associated with plasma high molecular weight and total adiponectin levels in apparently healthy women.

  European journal of endocrinology 20081001

• Physiological characterization and stress-induced metabolic responses of Dunaliella salina isolated from salt pan.

  Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology 20081001

• Enhanced blood compatibility of polyurethane functionalized with sulfobetaine.

  Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 20081001

• Characterization of the glycine betaine biosynthetic genes in the moderately halophilic bacterium Halobacillus dabanensis D-8(T).

  Current microbiology 20081001

• Structure-based analysis reveals hydration changes induced by arginine hydrochloride.

  Biophysical chemistry 20081001

• Nonfouling behavior of polycarboxybetaine-grafted surfaces: structural and environmental effects.

  Biomacromolecules 20081001

• [Anti-atherosclerotic effect of betaine in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice].

  Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine] 20081001

• Long follow up of betaine therapy in two Japanese siblings with cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency.

  Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society 20081001

• Smart zwitterionic membranes with on/off behavior for protein transport.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20080925

• Film thickness dependence of protein adsorption from blood serum and plasma onto poly(sulfobetaine)-grafted surfaces.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20080902

• Purification of sugar beet vinasse - adsorption of polyphenolic and dark colored compounds on different commercial activated carbons.

  Bioresource technology 20080901

• Interaction of anti-aggregation agent dimethylethylammonium propane sulfonate with acidic fibroblast growth factor.

  Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997) 20080901

• Glycinebetaine: an effective protectant against abiotic stress in plants.

  Trends in plant science 20080901

• Solubilization of human erythrocyte membranes by ASB detergents.

  Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas 20080901

• Analysis of acetylcholine, choline and butyrobetaine in human liver tissues by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

  Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 20080805

• Conformational richness and multiple Z' in salt co-crystal of N-methylpiperidine betaine with N-methylpiperidine betaine hexafluorosilicate.

  Acta crystallographica. Section B, Structural science 20080801

• Toothpaste detergents: a potential source of oral soft tissue damage?

  International journal of dental hygiene 20080801

• Role of betaine:CoA ligase (CaiC) in the activation of betaines and the transfer of coenzyme A in Escherichia coli.

  Journal of applied microbiology 20080701

• Betaine protects urea-induced denaturation of myosin subfragment-1.

  The FEBS journal 20080701

• Manipulation of sinapine, choline and betaine accumulation in Arabidopsis seed: towards improving the nutritional value of the meal and enhancing the seedling performance under environmental stresses in oilseed crops.

  Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB 20080701

• On the role of histidine 351 in the reaction of alcohol oxidation catalyzed by choline oxidase.

  Biochemistry 20080701

• Hyperhomocysteinemia induced by guanidinoacetic acid is effectively suppressed by choline and betaine in rats.

  Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 20080701

• Measuring the interaction of urea and protein-stabilizing osmolytes with the nonpolar surface of hydroxypropylcellulose.

  Biochemistry 20080624

• Choline metabolism and risk of breast cancer in a population-based study.

  FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20080601

• Carnitine supplementation induces acylcarnitine production in tissues of very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase-deficient mice, without replenishing low free carnitine.

  Pediatric research 20080601

• Plastid-expressed choline monooxygenase gene improves salt and drought tolerance through accumulation of glycine betaine in tobacco.

  Plant cell reports 20080601

• Increasing solubility of proteins and peptides by site-specific modification with betaine.

  Bioconjugate chemistry 20080601

• Osmoregulation and antioxidant metabolism in drought-stressed Helianthus annuus under triadimefon drenching.

  Comptes rendus biologies 20080601

• Slow desiccation improves dehydration tolerance and accumulation of compatible osmolytes in earthworm cocoons (Dendrobaena octaedra Savigny).

  The Journal of experimental biology 20080601

• The cloning of eel osmotic stress transcription factor and the regulation of its expression in primary gill cell culture.

  The Journal of experimental biology 20080601

• Investigating compensation and recovery of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposed to 17alpha-ethynylestradiol with metabolite profiling.

  Environmental science & technology 20080601

• Proline and glycinebetaine enhance antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification systems and reduce NaCl-induced damage in cultured tobacco cells.

  Journal of plant physiology 20080526

• A highly stable nonbiofouling surface with well-packed grafted zwitterionic polysulfobetaine for plasma protein repulsion.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20080520

• Synergism between the chaperone-like activity of the stress regulated ASR1 protein and the osmolyte glycine-betaine.

  Planta 20080501

• Influence of salts and pH on growth and activity of a novel facultatively alkaliphilic, extremely salt-tolerant, obligately chemolithoautotrophic sufur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacterium Thioalkalibacter halophilus gen. nov., sp. nov. from South-Western Siberian soda lakes.

  Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions 20080501

• Hydrophilic interaction chromatography of small metal species in plants using sulfobetaine- and phosphorylcholine-type zwitterionic stationary phases.

  Journal of separation science 20080501

• Influence of betaine consumption on strenuous running and sprinting in a hot environment.

  Journal of strength and conditioning research 20080501

• Sulfidogenesis under extremely haloalkaline conditions by Desulfonatronospira thiodismutans gen. nov., sp. nov., and Desulfonatronospira delicata sp. nov. - a novel lineage of Deltaproteobacteria from hypersaline soda lakes.

  Microbiology (Reading, England) 20080501

• Alleviation of acute ethanol-induced liver injury and impaired metabolomics of S-containing substances by betaine supplementation.

  Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20080418

• Different hydration changes accompanying copper and zinc binding to amyloid beta-peptide: water contribution to metal binding.

  Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology 20080414

• Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase-2 is an S-methylmethionine-homocysteine methyltransferase.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20080404

• Glycine betaine improves Listeria monocytogenes tolerance to desiccation on parsley leaves independent of the osmolyte transporters BetL, Gbu and OpuC.

  Journal of applied microbiology 20080401

• Stress-induced expression of choline oxidase in potato plant chloroplasts confers enhanced tolerance to oxidative, salt, and drought stresses.

  Plant cell reports 20080401

• Characterization of L-aminocarnitine, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation.

  Molecular genetics and metabolism 20080401

• Supplementing limited methionine diets with rumen-protected methionine, betaine, and choline in early lactation Holstein cows.

  Journal of dairy science 20080401

• Choline: an important micronutrient for maximal endurance-exercise performance?

  International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism 20080401

• Ethnicity and folate influence choline status in young women consuming controlled nutrient intakes.

  Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20080401

• Clofibrate treatment up-regulates novel organic cation transporter (OCTN)-2 in tissues of pigs as a model of non-proliferating species.

  European journal of pharmacology 20080331

• Singular efficacy of trimethylamine N-oxide to counter protein destabilization in ice.

  Biochemistry 20080318

• Formation of a wrapped DNA-protein interface: experimental characterization and analysis of the large contributions of ions and water to the thermodynamics of binding IHF to H' DNA.

  Journal of molecular biology 20080314

• Prospective study on dietary intakes of folate, betaine, and choline and cardiovascular disease risk in women.

  European journal of clinical nutrition 20080301

• Folate intake and the MTHFR C677T genotype influence choline status in young Mexican American women.

  The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 20080301

• Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on brain synaptosomes and protective role of betaine.

  Neurochemical research 20080301

• Inhibition of adiponectin production by homocysteine: a potential mechanism for alcoholic liver disease.

  Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 20080301

• PPAR alpha mediates transcriptional upregulation of novel organic cation transporters-2 and -3 and enzymes involved in hepatic carnitine synthesis.

  Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) 20080301

• Improved salt tolerance in tobacco plants by co-transformation of a betaine synthesis gene BADH and a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene SeNHX1.

  Biotechnology letters 20080201

• Imidazol-2-and-4-ylidene by decarboxylation. Studies on the cross-conjugated mesomeric betaine-alkaloid norzooanemonine and its pseudo-cross-conjugated isomer.

  Organic & biomolecular chemistry 20080121

• Differential regulation of Ota and Otb, two primary glycine betaine transporters in the methanogenic archaeon methanosarcina mazei Gö1.

  Journal of molecular microbiology and biotechnology 20080101

• Genetic engineering of the biosynthesis of glycinebetaine leads to increased tolerance of photosynthesis to salt stress in transgenic tobacco plants.

  Plant molecular biology 20080101

• Asymmetric synthetic access to the hetisine alkaloids: total synthesis of (+)-nominine.

  Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) 20080101

• Synergistic effects of betaine and conjugated linoleic acid on the growth and carcass composition of growing Iberian pigs.

  Journal of animal science 20080101

• A study of the sensitization rate to cocamidopropyl betaine in patients patch tested in a university hospital of Beijing.

  Contact dermatitis 20080101

• Sequential extraction of proteins by chemical reagents.

  Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 20080101

• An inland and a coastal population of the Mediterranean xero-halophyte species Atriplex halimus L. differ in their ability to accumulate proline and glycinebetaine in response to salinity and water stress.

  Journal of experimental botany 20080101

• Letter: intercluster chemistry of protonated and sodiated betaine dimers upon collision induced dissociation and electron induced dissociation.

  European journal of mass spectrometry (Chichester, England) 20080101

• Cocamidopropyl betaine.

  Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 20080101

• Heat stress: an overview of molecular responses in photosynthesis.

  Photosynthesis research 20080101

• Enhanced amplification of polymerase chain reaction by addition of cosolutes derived from a cellular compatible solute.

  Nucleic acids symposium series (2004) 20080101

• Catalytic hydrogenolysis of aromatic ketones in mixed choline-betainium ionic liquids.

  ChemSusChem 20080101

• Cocamidopropyl betaine.

  Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 20080101

• Eyelid dermatitis: contact allergy to 3-(dimethylamino)propylamine.

  Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 20080101

• Wormlike micelles of a C22-tailed zwitterionic betaine surfactant: from viscoelastic solutions to elastic gels.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20071218

• Synthesis of cyclopropanes via organoiron methodology: preparation of rac-dysibetaine CPa.

  The Journal of organic chemistry 20071207

• Betaine supplementation improves the atherogenic risk factor profile in a transgenic mouse model of hyperhomocysteinemia.

  Atherosclerosis 20071201

• Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) secondary to cobalamin C (cblC) disorder.

  Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 20071201

• Metabolomics identifies perturbations in human disorders of propionate metabolism.

  Clinical chemistry 20071201

• Co-ordinate expression of glycine betaine synthesis genes linked by the FMDV 2A region in a single open reading frame in Pichia pastoris.

  Applied microbiology and biotechnology 20071201

• The salt-induced ABC transporter Ota of the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina mazei Gö1 is a glycine betaine transporter.

  FEMS microbiology letters 20071201

• Glycinebetaine alleviates the inhibitory effect of moderate heat stress on the repair of photosystem II during photoinhibition.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20071201

• Ultraviolet B radiation induces cell shrinkage and increases osmolyte transporter mRNA expression and osmolyte uptake in HaCaT keratinocytes.

  Biological chemistry 20071201

• Methylohalomonas lacus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Methylonatrum kenyense gen. nov., sp. nov., methylotrophic gammaproteobacteria from hypersaline lakes.

  International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 20071201

• Betaine modulates age-related NF-kappaB by thiol-enhancing action.

  Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 20071201

• Effects of orange juice and proline betaine on glycine betaine and homocysteine in healthy male subjects.

  European journal of nutrition 20071201

• Alterations in lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, and proline metabolism in Catharanthus roseus under treatment with triadimefon, a systemic fungicide.

  Comptes rendus biologies 20071201

• Nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women.

  Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology 20071201

• Effect of molecular crowding on the enzymes of glycogenolysis.

  Biochemistry. Biokhimiia 20071201

• Metabolic engineering for betaine accumulation in microbes and plants.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20071123

• Determination of betaine, choline and trimethylamine in feed additive by ion-exchange liquid chromatography/non-suppressed conductivity detection.

  Journal of chromatography. A 20071102

• Exogenous proline and glycinebetaine increase NaCl-induced ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzyme activities, and proline improves salt tolerance more than glycinebetaine in tobacco Bright Yellow-2 suspension-cultured cells.

  Journal of plant physiology 20071101

• The association of betaine, homocysteine and related metabolites with cognitive function in Dutch elderly people.

  The British journal of nutrition 20071101

• Halomonas sinaiensis sp. nov., a novel halophilic bacterium isolated from a salt lake inside Ras Muhammad Park, Egypt.

  Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions 20071101

• Physiological and metabolic effects of prophylactic treatment with the osmolytes glycerol and betaine on Bos indicus steers during long duration transportation.

  Journal of animal science 20071101

• Mechanisms of protection by the betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase/betaine system in HepG2 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes.

  Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 20071101

• Sex differences in the control of plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of glycine betaine in patients attending a lipid disorders clinic.

  Clinical biochemistry 20071101

• Transport of carnitine and acetylcarnitine by carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN) 2 and OCTN3 into epididymal spermatozoa.

  Reproduction (Cambridge, England) 20071101

• Separation of nucleic acid precursors on an amphoteric surfactant modified monolith using combined eluent flow, pH and concentration gradient.

  Journal of separation science 20071101

• Comparative study of urea and betaine solutions by dielectric spectroscopy: liquid structures of a protein denaturant and stabilizer.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20071011

• Role of transmethylation reactions in alcoholic liver disease.

  World journal of gastroenterology 20071007

• Evaluation of two proteomics technologies used to screen the membrane proteomes of wild-type Corynebacterium glutamicum and an L-lysine-producing strain.

  Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 20071001

• Synthesis, thermal and spectral studies of first-row transition metal complexes with Girard P reagent-based ligand.

  Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 20071001

• Growth, biochemical modifications and proline metabolism in Helianthus annuus L. as induced by drought stress.

  Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 20071001

• Effects of osmolytes on hexokinase kinetics combined with macromolecular crowding: test of the osmolyte compatibility hypothesis towards crowded systems.

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 20071001

• Involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase in beneficial effects of betaine on high-sucrose diet-induced hepatic steatosis.

  American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 20071001

• Safety and effectiveness of topical dry mouth products containing olive oil, betaine, and xylitol in reducing xerostomia for polypharmacy-induced dry mouth.

  Journal of oral rehabilitation 20071001

• [Study progress on compatible solutes in moderately halophilic bacteria].

  Wei sheng wu xue bao = Acta microbiologica Sinica 20071001

• Characterization of compatible solute transporter multiplicity in Corynebacterium glutamicum.

  Applied microbiology and biotechnology 20070901

• Organic solutes in Rubrobacter xylanophilus: the first example of di-myo-inositol-phosphate in a thermophile.

  Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions 20070901

• Calcium chloride effects on salinity-induced oxidative stress, proline metabolism and indole alkaloid accumulation in Catharanthus roseus.

  Comptes rendus biologies 20070901

• Cationic ester-containing gemini surfactants: chemical hydrolysis and biodegradation.

  Journal of colloid and interface science 20070815

• One-carbon metabolism, colorectal carcinogenesis, chemoprevention--with caution.

  Journal of the National Cancer Institute 20070815

• Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women.

  Journal of the National Cancer Institute 20070815

• Human telomerase RNA pseudoknot and hairpin thermal stability with glycine betaine and urea: preferential interactions with RNA secondary and tertiary structures.

  Biochemistry 20070807

• Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a model system for functional validation of abiotic stress responsive genes.

  Planta 20070801

• DNA induces folding in alpha-synuclein: understanding the mechanism using chaperone property of osmolytes.

  Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 20070801

• Glycinebetaine accumulation is more effective in chloroplasts than in the cytosol for protecting transgenic tomato plants against abiotic stress.

  Plant, cell & environment 20070801

• Treatment with pharmacological peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist clofibrate causes upregulation of organic cation transporter 2 in liver and small intestine of rats.

  Pharmacological research 20070801

• Effects of osmolytes on RNA secondary and tertiary structure stabilities and RNA-Mg2+ interactions.

  Journal of molecular biology 20070727

• A stabilized beta-oxaphosphoniumbetaine: an elusive zwitterion.

  Journal of the American Chemical Society 20070725

• Probing the substrate specificity of the ergothioneine transporter with methimazole, hercynine, and organic cations.

  Biochemical pharmacology 20070715

• Treatment of hyponatraemia by urea decreases risks of brain complications in rats. Brain osmolyte contents analysis.

  Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 20070701

• Theoretical study of geometrical and nonlinear optical properties of pyridinum N-phenolate betaine dyes.

  Journal of molecular modeling 20070701

• An abnormal urinary excretion of glycine betaine may persist for years.

  Clinical biochemistry 20070701

• 2-DE using hemi-fluorinated surfactants.

  Electrophoresis 20070701

• Relative importance of amino acids, glycine-betaine and ectoine synthesis in the biocontrol agent Pantoea agglomerans CPA-2 in response to osmotic, acidic and heat stress.

  Letters in applied microbiology 20070701

• Accumulation of proteins bearing atypical isoaspartyl residues in livers of alcohol-fed rats is prevented by betaine administration: effects on protein-L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase activity.

  Journal of hepatology 20070601

• The accumulation and synthesis of betaine in winter skate (Leucoraja ocellata).

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 20070601

• Prevention of brain disease from severe 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.

  Molecular genetics and metabolism 20070601

• A maternal methyl-containing diet alters learning ability in the Morris swimming test in adult rats.

  Neuroscience and behavioral physiology 20070601

• Exogenous proline mitigates the detrimental effects of salt stress more than exogenous betaine by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities.

  Journal of plant physiology 20070501

• The codA transgene for glycinebetaine synthesis increases the size of flowers and fruits in tomato.

  Plant biotechnology journal 20070501

• Direct sampling of organisms from the field and knowledge of their phenotype: key recommendations for environmental metabolomics.

  Environmental science & technology 20070501

• [Osmoprotectants and transporters for salt tolerance in plants].

  Tanpakushitsu kakusan koso. Protein, nucleic acid, enzyme 20070501

• Tolerance to high osmolality of the lactic acid bacterium Oenococcus oeni and identification of potential osmoprotectants.

  International journal of food microbiology 20070420

• N,N,N-trimethylglycine (betaine) improves analysis of CDR3 diversification in children reconstituting their immune repertoire after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation.

  Transplantation 20070415

• Dimethylthetin treatment causes diffuse alveolar lung damage: a pilot study in a sheep model of Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD).

  Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie 20070401

• Osmotic regulation of betaine homocysteine-S-methyltransferase expression in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells.

  American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 20070401

• Modulation of the homocysteine-betaine relationship by methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677 C->t genotypes and B-vitamin status in a large-scale epidemiological study.

  The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 20070401

• Inter- and intra-individual variations in normal urinary glycine betaine excretion.

  Clinical biochemistry 20070401

• Effect of betaine on growth hormone pulsatile secretion and serum metabolites in finishing pigs.

  Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition 20070401

• Consideration of betaine and one-carbon sources of N5-methyltetrahydrofolate for use in homocystinuria and neural tube defects.

  The American journal of clinical nutrition 20070401

• Purification, reconstitution, and characterization of the CpxRAP envelope stress system of Escherichia coli.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20070323

• Salt stress effects on the central and carnitine metabolisms of Escherichia coli.

  Biotechnology and bioengineering 20070301

• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: predisposing factors and the role of nutrition.

  The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 20070301

• [Effects of exogenous betaine on physiological responses of peach tree under water stress].

  Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology 20070301

• The use of ASB-14 in combination with CHAPS is the best for solubilization of human brain proteins for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

  Briefings in functional genomics & proteomics 20070301

• Trapping choline oxidase in a nonfunctional conformation by freezing at low pH.

  Proteins 20070215

• Use of a cyanine dye as a probe for albumin and collagen in the extracellular matrix.

  Analytical biochemistry 20070215

• Intramolecular azide trapping of the Nazarov intermediate: formation of peroxy-bridged indolizidinones via a deep-seated rearrangement and aerobic oxidation.

  Organic letters 20070215

• Spectroscopic studies of some thiosemicarbazide compounds derived from Girard's T and P.

  Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 20070201

• Genetic engineering of the biosynthesis of glycinebetaine enhances thermotolerance of photosystem II in tobacco plants.

  Planta 20070201

• Separation and quantitative analysis of alkyl sulfobetaine-type detergents by high-performance liquid chromatography and light-scattering detection.

  Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 20070201

• Combined effect of betaine and trehalose on osmotic tolerance of Escherichia coli in mineral salts medium.

  Biotechnology letters 20070201

• Strain-specific salt tolerance and osmoregulatory mechanisms in Azospirillum brasilense.

  FEMS microbiology letters 20070201

• Betaine attenuates alcoholic steatosis by restoring phosphatidylcholine generation via the phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase pathway.

  Journal of hepatology 20070201

• Cloning and characterization of the genes encoding a glycine betaine ABC-type transporter in Halobacillus trueperi DSM10404T.

  Current microbiology 20070201

• Liver-protecting effects of table beet (Beta vulgaris var. rubra) during ischemia-reperfusion.

  Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 20070201

• Betaine prevents loss of sialic acid residues and peroxidative injury of erythrocyte membrane in ethanol-given rats.

  Cell biochemistry and function 20070101

• Influence of high salinity on biofilm formation and benzoate assimilation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

  Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology 20070101

• Diagnostic significance of urinary thiodiglycolic acid as a possible tool for studying the role of vitamins B12 and folates in the metabolism of thiolic substances.

  Physiological research 20070101

• Improved conditions for production of recombinant plant sesquiterpene synthases in Escherichia coli.

  Protein expression and purification 20070101

• The organic osmolytes betaine and proline are transported by a shared system in early preimplantation mouse embryos.

  Journal of cellular physiology 20070101

• Analysis of succinylacetone, as a Girard T derivative, in urine and dried bloodspots by flow injection electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

  Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM 20070101

• Homocysteinylation of metallothionein impairs intracellular redox homeostasis: the enemy within!

  Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 20070101

• Derivatization with Girard reagent T combined with LC-MS/MS for the sensitive detection of 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine in cellular DNA.

  Analytical chemistry 20070101

• Development of biocompatible interpenetrating polymer networks containing a sulfobetaine-based polymer and a segmented polyurethane for protein resistance.

  Biomacromolecules 20070101

• Endogenous phospholipid metabolite containing topical product inhibits ultraviolet light-induced inflammation and DNA damage in human skin.

  Skin pharmacology and physiology 20070101

• Betaine may act as a fast-acting antipsychotic by rapidly reducing blood levels of homocysteine.

  Medical hypotheses 20070101

• Quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine)s as model gene delivery polycations: structure-function study by modification of side chain hydrophobicity and degree of alkylation.

  Bioconjugate chemistry 20070101

• Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

  BMC cardiovascular disorders 20070101

• Functional defect at the rice choline monooxygenase locus from an unusual post-transcriptional processing is associated with the sequence elements of short-direct repeats.

  The New phytologist 20070101

• A modified Girard derivatizing reagent for universal profiling and trace analysis of aldehydes and ketones by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

  Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM 20070101

• Separation of homo- and heteroduplexes of DNA fragments with different melting temperature by capillary electrophoresis at one single temperature.

  Journal of capillary electrophoresis and microchip technology 20070101

• Potentiometric batch and flow injection analysis of betaine hydrochloride.

  Annali di chimica 20070101

• Effects of osmolytes on protein folding and aggregation in cells.

  Methods in enzymology 20070101

• Mechanisms of high salinity tolerance in plants.

  Methods in enzymology 20070101

• [Osmoadaptation of haloalkaliphilic bacteria: role of osmoregulators and their possible practical application].

  Mikrobiologiia 20070101

• Regulation of betaine synthesis by precursor supply and choline monooxygenase expression in Amaranthus tricolor.

  Journal of experimental botany 20070101

• Compatible solute accumulation and stress-mitigating effects in barley genotypes contrasting in their salt tolerance.

  Journal of experimental botany 20070101

• [The effect of mildronate and related substances on levels of thyroid hormones and some intermediates of lipid and carbohidrate metabolism in the hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats].

  Biomeditsinskaia khimiia 20070101

• Identification of glycine betaine as compatible solute in Synechococcus sp. WH8102 and characterization of its N-methyltransferase genes involved in betaine synthesis.

  Archives of microbiology 20061201

• Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase: just a regulator of homocysteine metabolism?

  Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 20061201

• High- but not low-dose folic acid improves endothelial function in coronary artery disease.

  European journal of clinical investigation 20061201

• Effects of substrate and potassium on the betaine-synthesizing enzyme glycine sarcosine dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase from a halophilic methanoarchaeon Methanohalophilus portucalensis.

  Research in microbiology 20061201

• Uncoupling of choline-O-sulphate utilization from osmoprotection in Pseudomonas putida.

  Molecular microbiology 20061201

• Dual-functional biomimetic materials: nonfouling poly(carboxybetaine) with active functional groups for protein immobilization.

  Biomacromolecules 20061201

• Mildronate, an inhibitor of carnitine biosynthesis, induces an increase in gamma-butyrobetaine contents and cardioprotection in isolated rat heart infarction.

  Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 20061201

• Allergens of new and emerging significance.

  Dermatology nursing 20061201

• [Effects of glycinebetaine on ultraweak luminescence and anti-oxidative capability of Malus hupehensis under drought stress].

  Ying yong sheng tai xue bao = The journal of applied ecology 20061201

• Prontosan wound irrigation and gel: management of chronic wounds.

  British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 20061201

• [Study on chemical constituents of mangrove Acanthus ilcifolius].

  Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica 20061201

• Superlow fouling sulfobetaine and carboxybetaine polymers on glass slides.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20061121

• Vaginal and rectal topical microbicide development: safety and efficacy of 1.0% Savvy (C31G) in the pigtailed macaque.

  Sexually transmitted diseases 20061101

• Predominant role of sterol response element binding proteins (SREBP) lipogenic pathways in hepatic steatosis in the murine intragastric ethanol feeding model.

  Journal of hepatology 20061101

• Role of energetic coenzyme pools in the production of L-carnitine by Escherichia coli.

  Metabolic engineering 20061101

• Identification and classification of skin sensitizers: identifying false positives and false negatives.

  Contact dermatitis 20061101

• Betaine, dimethyl sulfoxide, and 7-deaza-dGTP, a powerful mixture for amplification of GC-rich DNA sequences.

  The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD 20061101

• Simple separation of isomeric sialylated N-glycopeptides by a zwitterionic type of hydrophilic interaction chromatography.

  Journal of separation science 20061101

• Dimethylsulfoniopropionate uptake by marine phytoplankton.

  Science (New York, N.Y.) 20061027

• Modulation of hydrophobic effect by cosolutes.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20061026

• Osmosensing by bacteria.

  Science's STKE : signal transduction knowledge environment 20061017

• Quantum simulation of solution phase intramolecular electron transfer rates in betaine-30.

  The journal of physical chemistry. A 20061005

• Unfolding new mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease in the endoplasmic reticulum.

  Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 20061001

• The sigma factor RpoN (sigma54) is involved in osmotolerance in Listeria monocytogenes.

  FEMS microbiology letters 20061001

• Successful treatment of pyridoxine-unresponsive homocystinuria with betaine in pregnancy.

  Journal of inherited metabolic disease 20061001

• Homocysteine remethylation in broilers fed surfeit choline or betaine and varying levels and sources of methionine from eight to twenty-two days of age.

  Poultry science 20061001

• Effects of methionine and betaine supplementation on growth performance, carcase composition and metabolism of lipids in male broilers.

  British poultry science 20061001

• Standard infrared absorption spectrum of betaine and optimal conditions for its measurement.

  Shokuhin eiseigaku zasshi. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan 20061001

• Accumulation of glycinebetaine in rice plants that overexpress choline monooxygenase from spinach and evaluation of their tolerance to abiotic stress.

  Annals of botany 20060901

• Maternal methyl supplements increase offspring DNA methylation at Axin Fused.

  Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) 20060901

• Thermosolvatochromism of betaine dyes revisited: theoretical calculations of the concentrations of alcohol-water hydrogen-bonded species and application to solvation in aqueous alcohols.

  The journal of physical chemistry. A 20060831

• Syntheses, pi-stacking interactions and base-pairings of uracil pyridinium salts and uracilyl betaines with nucleobases.

  Organic & biomolecular chemistry 20060821

• Effect of ethylene glycol, urea, and N-methylated glycines on DNA thermal stability: the role of DNA base pair composition and hydration.

  Biochemistry 20060808

• High concentrations of the compatible solute glycinebetaine destabilize model membranes under stress conditions.

  Cryobiology 20060801

• High contents of hypotaurine and thiotaurine in hydrothermal-vent gastropods without thiotrophic endosymbionts.

  Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Comparative experimental biology 20060801

• Overexpression of BetS, a Sinorhizobium meliloti high-affinity betaine transporter, in bacteroids from Medicago sativa nodules sustains nitrogen fixation during early salt stress adaptation.

  Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI 20060801

• Effects of betaine and condensed molasses solubles on nitrogen balance and nutrient digestibility in piglets fed diets deficient in methionine and low in compatible osmolytes.

  Archives of animal nutrition 20060801

• [Glycinebetaine applied through roots protects the photosynthetic apparatus of tobacco seedlings under water stress].

  Zhi wu sheng li yu fen zi sheng wu xue xue bao = Journal of plant physiology and molecular biology 20060801

• Flow microcalorimetric study of butyrylcholinesterase kinetics and inhibition.

  Analytical biochemistry 20060715

• The use of betaine in the treatment of elevated homocysteine.

  Molecular genetics and metabolism 20060701

• Compatible solutes as protectants for zymogens against proteolysis.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20060701

• [Allergic contact dermatitis to cocamidopropyl betaine among Israeli patients with cosmetic allergy].

  Harefuah 20060701

• Betaine resolves severe alcohol-induced hepatitis and steatosis following liver transplantation.

  Digestive diseases and sciences 20060701

• Surface grafted sulfobetaine polymers via atom transfer radical polymerization as superlow fouling coatings.

  The journal of physical chemistry. B 20060608

• Stress associated with road transportation in desert sheep and goats, and the effect of pretreatment with xylazine or sodium betaine.

  Research in veterinary science 20060601

• Exogenous application of glycinebetaine increases chilling tolerance in tomato plants.

  Plant & cell physiology 20060601

• Glycinebetaine counteracts the inhibitory effects of salt stress on the degradation and synthesis of D1 protein during photoinhibition in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942.

  Plant physiology 20060601

• Allergenicity and cross-reactivity of coconut oil derivatives: A double-blind randomized controlled pilot study.

  Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 20060601

• Effects of chronic betaine ingestion on methionine-loading induced plasma homocysteine elevation in rats.

  Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 20060601

• Choline: are our university students eating enough?

  The West Indian medical journal 20060601

• Metabolic profiling of livers and blood from obese Zucker rats.

  Journal of hepatology 20060501

• Rapid high-throughput detection of peroxide with an acridinium-9-carboxamide: a homogeneous chemiluminescent assay for plasma choline.

  Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 20060501

• Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.

  Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology 20060501

• NMR-based metabonomic studies reveal changes in the biochemical profile of plasma and urine from pigs fed high-fibre rye bread.

  The British journal of nutrition 20060501

• Succinate-mediated catabolite repression control on the production of glycine betaine catabolic enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 under low and elevated salinities.

  Microbiology (Reading, England) 20060501

• Betaine tripled the volumetric productivity of D(-)-lactate by Escherichia coli strain SZ132 in mineral salts medium.

  Biotechnology letters 20060501

• Rheology of viscoelastic mixed surfactant solutions: effect of scission on nonlinear flow and rheochaos.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20060425

• Hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein B production are increased following in vivo induction of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase.

  The Biochemical journal 20060415

• S-Adenosylmethionine and betaine correct hepatitis C virus induced inhibition of interferon signaling in vitro.

  Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 20060401

• The crystal structure of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 and implications for diabetes treatment.

  Structure (London, England : 1993) 20060401

• [The transformation of betA gene into the pollen plantlets of Populus simonii x P. nigra].

  Zhi wu sheng li yu fen zi sheng wu xue xue bao = Journal of plant physiology and molecular biology 20060401

• [Contact allergy to 3-dimethylaminopropylamine and cocamidopropyl betaine].

  Actas dermo-sifiliograficas 20060401

• Influence of membrane composition on osmosensing by the betaine carrier BetP from Corynebacterium glutamicum.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20060324

• Molecular determinants for substrate specificity of the ligand-binding protein OpuAC from Bacillus subtilis for the compatible solutes glycine betaine and proline betaine.

  Journal of molecular biology 20060324

• Effects of betaine on ethanol-stimulated secretion of IGF-I and IGFBP-1 in rat primary hepatocytes: involvement of p42/44 MAPK activation.

  World journal of gastroenterology 20060321

• AtGAT1, a high affinity transporter for gamma-aminobutyric acid in Arabidopsis thaliana.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20060317

• Effects of reversing the protein positive charge in the proximity of the flavin N(1) locus of choline oxidase.

  Biochemistry 20060314

• Hypersaline stress induces the turnover of phosphatidylcholine and results in the synthesis of the renal osmoprotectant glycerophosphocholine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

  FEMS yeast research 20060301

• Therapy of NAFLD: antioxidants and cytoprotective agents.

  Journal of clinical gastroenterology 20060301

• [Determnination of betaine in Fufang Guilu granule by HPLC].

  Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica 20060301

• Highly protein-resistant coatings from well-defined diblock copolymers containing sulfobetaines.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20060227

• Solute probes of conformational changes in open complex (RPo) formation by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase at the lambdaPR promoter: evidence for unmasking of the active site in the isomerization step and for large-scale coupled folding in the subsequent conversion to RPo.

  Biochemistry 20060221

• Comparison of different methods for the solubilisation of Neospora caninum (Phylum Apicomplexa) antigen.

  Veterinary parasitology 20060218

• Mechanistic studies of choline oxidase with betaine aldehyde and its isosteric analogue 3,3-dimethylbutyraldehyde.

  Biochemistry 20060214

• Potential irritation of lysine derivative surfactants by hemolysis and HaCaT cell viability.

  Toxicology letters 20060208

• Salting-in the microbial cytoplasm.

  FEBS letters 20060206

• Separation of cationic aracyl derivatives of betaines and related compounds.

  Journal of chromatography. A 20060203

• Effect of L-carnitine on the kinetics of carnitine, acylcarnitines and butyrobetaine in long-term haemodialysis.

  Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 20060201

• Alleviation of photoinhibition in drought-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum) by foliar-applied glycinebetaine.

  Journal of plant physiology 20060201

• [Molecular mechanism in biological transport in the kidney: Osmolyte transporter].

  Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine 20060201

• Betaine supplementation and blood lipids: fact or artifact?

  Nutrition reviews 20060201

• [Glycine betaine supplied exogenously enhance salinity tolerance of Pseudomonas putida DLL-1].

  Wei sheng wu xue bao = Acta microbiologica Sinica 20060201

• Hyperhomocysteinemia can be ameliorated by dimethylsulfoniopropionate in place of folic acid in mice.

  Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 20060201

• Review article: Drug therapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

  Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 20060115

• Ectoines as compatible solutes and carbon and energy sources for the halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens.

  Journal of applied microbiology 20060101

• Supplemental conditionally essential nutrients in cardiovascular disease therapy.

  The Journal of cardiovascular nursing 20060101

• Homocysteine remethylation in young broilers fed varying levels of methionine, choline, and betaine.

  Poultry science 20060101

• Evaluation of the stress-inducible production of choline oxidase in transgenic rice as a strategy for producing the stress-protectant glycine betaine.

  Journal of experimental botany 20060101

• [The effect of methyl-containing supplements during pregnancy on the phenotypic modification of offspring hair color in rats].

  Genetika 20060101

• [Maternal methyl-containing dietary supplementation alters the ability to learn in adult rats in swimming Morris test].

  Zhurnal vysshei nervnoi deiatelnosti imeni I P Pavlova 20060101

• Rubber Tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg).

  Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 20060101

• Cell volume regulation in the renal papilla.

  Contributions to nephrology 20060101

• Effects of glycine betaine on bone marrow death and intestinal damage by gamma rays and carbon ions.

  Radiation protection dosimetry 20060101

• [The effect of betain on biology and morphology of developmental stages of Eimeria acervulina in broiler chicks experimentally infected].

  Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria = Brazilian journal of veterinary parasitology : Orgao Oficial do Colegio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinaria 20060101

• Modified culture protocol for isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from raw milk.

  Foodborne pathogens and disease 20060101

• Use of urea and glycine betaine to quantify coupled folding and probe the burial of DNA phosphates in lac repressor-lac operator binding.

  Biochemistry 20051227

• Hydration changes in the association of Hoechst 33258 with DNA.

  Biochemistry 20051227

• Correlation between the structure of water in the vicinity of carboxybetaine polymers and their blood-compatibility.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20051206

• Role of elevated S-adenosylhomocysteine in rat hepatocyte apoptosis: protection by betaine.

  Biochemical pharmacology 20051205

• Betaine improved restriction digestion.

  Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20051202

• Exogenously supplied compatible solutes rapidly ameliorate NaCl-induced potassium efflux from barley roots.

  Plant & cell physiology 20051201

• Osmotic stress and phosphate limitation alter production of cell-to-cell signal molecules and rhamnolipid biosurfactant by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

  FEMS microbiology letters 20051201

• Stress response by solute accumulation in archaea.

  Current opinion in microbiology 20051201

• Effect of aromatic ring-containing drugs on carnitine biosynthesis in rats with special regard to p-aminomethylbenzoic acid.

  Metabolism: clinical and experimental 20051201

• Carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2-mediated transport of carnitine in primary-cultured epididymal epithelial cells.

  Reproduction (Cambridge, England) 20051201

• Application of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/comparative taste dilution analysis for identification of a bitter inhibitor by a combinatorial approach based on Maillard reaction chemistry.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20051116

• Homocysteine metabolism in ZDF (type 2) diabetic rats.

  Diabetes 20051101

• An enhanced polymerase chain reaction assay to detect pre- and full mutation alleles of the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene.

  The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD 20051101

• [Untreated homocystinuria in adulthood].

  Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) 20051028

• Ectoine alters subcellular localization of inclusions and reduces apoptotic cell death induced by the truncated Machado-Joseph disease gene product with an expanded polyglutamine stretch.

  Neurobiology of disease 20051001

• Prenatal and postnatal treatment in cobalamin C defect.

  The Journal of pediatrics 20051001

• Cloning, sequencing and salt induced expression of PEAMT and BADH in oilseed rape (Brassica napus).

  DNA sequence : the journal of DNA sequencing and mapping 20051001

• Betaine suppresses proinflammatory signaling during aging: the involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB via nuclear factor-inducing kinase/IkappaB kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases.

  The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 20051001

• Mixed micellar systems of cleavable surfactants.

  Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids 20050913

• Osmotically induced trehalose and glycine betaine accumulation improves tolerance to desiccation, survival and efficacy of the postharvest biocontrol agent Pantoea agglomerans EPS125.

  FEMS microbiology letters 20050901

• Reinvestigation of molecular structure and barrier to internal rotation of pyridinium N-phenolate betaine dye.

  Journal of molecular modeling 20050901

• The effect of taurine or betaine pretreatment on hepatotoxicity and prooxidant status induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment in the liver of rats.

  European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology 20050901

• Two enzymes, BtaA and BtaB, are sufficient for betaine lipid biosynthesis in bacteria.

  Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 20050901

• Prolonged exposure to the candidate microbicide C31G differentially reduces cellular sensitivity to agent re-exposure.

  Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 20050901

• Toxicity, inflammation, and anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity following exposure to chemical moieties of C31G.

  Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 20050901

• Rett syndrome: model of neurodevelopmental disorders.

  Journal of child neurology 20050901

• Influence of osmolytes on inactivation and aggregation of muscle glycogen phosphorylase b by guanidine hydrochloride. Stimulation of protein aggregation under crowding conditions.

  Biochemistry. Biokhimiia 20050901

• The enhancement of PCR amplification of a random sequence DNA library by DMSO and betaine: application to in vitro combinatorial selection of aptamers.

  Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods 20050831

• Bioactive compounds in cod (Gadus morhua) products and suitability of 1H NMR metabolite profiling for classification of the products using multivariate data analyses.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20050824

• Combination of Dsb coexpression and an addition of sorbitol markedly enhanced soluble expression of single-chain Fv in Escherichia coli.

  Biotechnology and bioengineering 20050820

• Muscle metabolites, detected in urine by proton spectroscopy, correlate with disease damage in juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.

  Arthritis and rheumatism 20050815

• Regeneration of cryoresistance of in vitro rumen ciliate cultures.

  Cryobiology 20050801

• Postnatal cerebellar defects in mice deficient in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase.

  International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience 20050801

• Genetic engineering of the biosynthesis of glycinebetaine enhances photosynthesis against high temperature stress in transgenic tobacco plants.

  Plant physiology 20050801

• Maculopathy and retinal degeneration in cobalamin C methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria.

  Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) 20050801

• Modulation of nitrate reductase activity in rice seedlings under aluminium toxicity and water stress: role of osmolytes as enzyme protectant.

  Journal of plant physiology 20050801

• The crucial role of trehalose and structurally related oligosaccharides in the biosynthesis and transfer of mycolic acids in Corynebacterineae.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20050715

• An approach to the isoschizozygane alkaloid core using a 1,4-dipolar cycloaddition of a cross-conjugated heteroaromatic betaine.

  Organic letters 20050707

• A combined (1)H NMR and HPLC-MS-based metabonomic study of urine from obese (fa/fa) Zucker and normal Wistar-derived rats.

  Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 20050701

• Direct detection of brain acetylcholine synthesis by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

  Brain research 20050628

• Membrane insertion of betaine/GABA transporter during hypertonic stress correlates with nuclear accumulation of TonEBP.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20050615

• Effects of betaine supplementation on hepatic metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids in mice.

  Journal of hepatology 20050601

• [Construction of the genomic library of Halobacillus sp. D8 and isolation of the glycine betaine transporter betH gene].

  Wei sheng wu xue bao = Acta microbiologica Sinica 20050601

• Effect of betaine supplementation on changes in hepatic metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and experimental cholestasis induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate.

  Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 20050501

• Distribution of a 3.5-mL (1.0%) C31G vaginal gel using magnetic resonance imaging.

  Contraception 20050501

• A comparison of the counteracting effects of glycine betaine and TMAO on the activity of RNase A in aqueous urea solution.

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 20050501

• Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans.

  PLoS medicine 20050501

• Executive dysfunction in hyperhomocystinemia responds to homocysteine-lowering treatment.

  Neurology 20050426

• Carboxylate-stabilised sulfur ylides (thetin salts) in asymmetric epoxidation for the synthesis of glycidic acids. Mechanism and implications.

  Organic & biomolecular chemistry 20050421

• Structure of water incorporated in sulfobetaine polymer films as studied by ATR-FTIR.

  Macromolecular bioscience 20050419

• Transition from micelle to vesicle in aqueous mixtures of anionic/zwitterionic surfactants studied by fluorescence, conductivity, and turbidity methods.

  Journal of colloid and interface science 20050415

• Zwitterionic ion chromatography with carboxybetaine surfactant-coated particle packed and monolithic type columns.

  Journal of chromatography. A 20050408

• Favourable mediation of crystal contacts by cocoamidopropylbetaine (CAPB).

  Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography 20050401

• [Effects of root-applied glycinebetaine on the composition and function of wheat thylakoid membrane under drought stress].

  Zhi wu sheng li yu fen zi sheng wu xue xue bao = Journal of plant physiology and molecular biology 20050401

• Effects of alcohol on folate metabolism: implications for carcinogenesis.

  Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) 20050401

• Cluster-phase reactions: gas-phase phosphorylation of peptides and model compounds with triphosphate anions.

  Journal of the American Chemical Society 20050323

• Platelet adhesion and protein adsorption on silicone rubber surface by ozone-induced grafted polymerization with carboxybetaine monomer.

  Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 20050310

• Infertility in 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)-deficient male mice is partially alleviated by lifetime dietary betaine supplementation.

  Biology of reproduction 20050301

• Modulation of hypertonicity-induced aquaporin-1 by sodium chloride, urea, betaine, and heat shock in murine renal medullary cells.

  Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 20050301

• Similar regulation patterns of choline monooxygenase, phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase in leaves of the halophyte Atriplex nummularia L.

  Plant & cell physiology 20050301

• cblE type of homocystinuria due to methionine synthase reductase deficiency: functional correction by minigene expression.

  Human mutation 20050301

• Identification and functional characterisation of genes and corresponding enzymes involved in carnitine metabolism of Proteus sp.

  Archives of microbiology 20050301

• Late-onset thrombocytic microangiopathy caused by cblC disease: association with a factor H mutation.

  American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 20050301

• Glycine betaine, a beer component, protects radiation-induced injury.

  Journal of radiation research 20050301

• On the catalytic mechanism of choline oxidase.

  Journal of the American Chemical Society 20050223

• Solvatochromism of a novel betaine dye derived from purine.

  The journal of physical chemistry. A 20050210

• Betaine and folate status as cooperative determinants of plasma homocysteine in humans.

  Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 20050201

• Cheilitis caused by contact allergy to cocamidopropyl betaine in '2-in-1 toothpaste and mouthwash'.

  The Australasian journal of dermatology 20050201

• [Variation of betaine and proline contents in wheat seedlings under salt stress].

  Zhi wu sheng li yu fen zi sheng wu xue xue bao = Journal of plant physiology and molecular biology 20050201

• Annotation of genes involved in glycerolipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: discovery of the betaine lipid synthase BTA1Cr.

  Eukaryotic cell 20050201

• Effects of betaine intake on plasma homocysteine concentrations and consequences for health.

  Current drug metabolism 20050201

• (-)-Echinobetaine A: isolation, structure elucidation, synthesis, and SAR studies on a new nematocide from a southern Australian marine sponge, Echinodictyum sp.

  Journal of natural products 20050201

• (+)-Echinobetaine B: isolation, structure elucidation, synthesis and preliminary SAR studies on a new nematocidal betaine from a southern Australian marine sponge, Echinodictyum sp.

  Organic & biomolecular chemistry 20050107

• Homocysteine, glycine betaine, and N,N-dimethylglycine in patients attending a lipid clinic.

  Metabolism: clinical and experimental 20050101

• Effect of osmolytes on the interaction of flavin adenine dinucleotide with muscle glycogen phosphorylase b.

  Biophysical chemistry 20050101

• The AtProT family. Compatible solute transporters with similar substrate specificity but differential expression patterns.

  Plant physiology 20050101

• Substrate specificity and functional characterisation of the H+/amino acid transporter rat PAT2 (Slc36a2).

  British journal of pharmacology 20050101

• Folate-induced reversal of leukoencephalopathy and intellectual decline in methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency: variable response in siblings.

  Developmental medicine and child neurology 20050101

• Isolation stress in desert sheep and goats and the influence of pretreatment with xylazine or sodium betaine.

  Veterinary research communications 20050101

• Immobilization (restraint) stress in desert sheep and goats, and the influence of pretreatment with xylazine or sodium betaine thereon.

  Polish journal of veterinary sciences 20050101

• Investigation and application of methods for enumerating heterotrophs and Escherichia coli in the air within piggery sheds.

  Journal of applied microbiology 20050101

• Conductimetric determination of phenylpropanolamine HCl, ranitidine HCl, hyoscyamine HBr and betaine HCl in their pure state and pharmaceutical preparations.

  Farmaco (Societa chimica italiana : 1989) 20050101

• Hypertonic upregulation of betaine transport in renal cells is blocked by a proteasome inhibitor.

  Cell biochemistry and function 20050101

• Accumulation of the compatible solutes, glycine-betaine and ectoine, in osmotic stress adaptation and heat shock cross-protection in the biocontrol agent Pantoea agglomerans CPA-2.

  Letters in applied microbiology 20050101

• Betaine: a key modulator of one-carbon metabolism and homocysteine status.

  Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 20050101

• Francisella tularensis proteome: low levels of ASB-14 facilitate the visualization of membrane proteins in total protein extracts.

  Journal of proteome research 20050101

• Effect of individual amino acids and glucose on activation and germination of Rhizopus oligosporus sporangiospores in tempe starter.

  Journal of applied microbiology 20050101

• [New alternative drug therapy for reducing symptoms associated with the functional gastric disorders].

  Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia gastroenterologiia = Experimental & clinical gastroenterology 20050101

• [Osmoadaptation in representatives of haloalkaliphilic bacteria from soda lakes].

  Mikrobiologiia 20050101

• Structure and function of the betaine uptake system BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum: strategies to sense osmotic and chill stress.

  Journal of molecular microbiology and biotechnology 20050101

• Structure determination of secondary transport proteins by electron crystallography: two-dimensional crystallization of the betaine uptake system BetP.

  Journal of molecular microbiology and biotechnology 20050101

• Activity regulation of the betaine transporter BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum in response to osmotic compensation.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20041215

• Osmotic regulation of renal betaine transport: transcription and beyond.

  Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology 20041201

• Choline- and betaine-defined diets for use in clinical research and for the management of trimethylaminuria.

  Journal of the American Dietetic Association 20041201

• Chemical graft polymerization of sulfobetaine monomer on polyurethane surface for reduction in platelet adhesion.

  Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 20041125

• The exclusion of glycine betaine from anionic biopolymer surface: why glycine betaine is an effective osmoprotectant but also a compatible solute.

  Biochemistry 20041123

• Preferential interactions of glycine betaine and of urea with DNA: implications for DNA hydration and for effects of these solutes on DNA stability.

  Biochemistry 20041123

• Structural basis for the binding of compatible solutes by ProX from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20041112

• Dimethylglycine supplementation does not affect plasma homocysteine concentrations in pre-dialysis chronic renal failure patients.

  Clinical biochemistry 20041101

• Genetic engineering of glycinebetaine synthesis in tomato protects seeds, plants, and flowers from chilling damage.

  The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 20041101

• Effects of intravenous betaine on methionine-loading-induced plasma homocysteine elevation in rats.

  The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 20041101

• Stabilization of model membranes during drying by compatible solutes involved in the stress tolerance of plants and microorganisms.

  The Biochemical journal 20041015

• The trimethylammonium headgroup of choline is a major determinant for substrate binding and specificity in choline oxidase.

  Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 20041015

• Studies on dodecyl betainate in combination with its degradation products or with phosphatidyl choline-phase behavior and hemolytic activity.

  Journal of colloid and interface science 20041015

• Crystal structure and kinetics identify Escherichia coli YdcW gene product as a medium-chain aldehyde dehydrogenase.

  Journal of molecular biology 20041008

• Betaine or taurine administration prevents fibrosis and lipid peroxidation induced by rat liver by ethanol plus carbon tetrachloride intoxication.

  Amino acids 20041001

• The effect of low doses of betaine on plasma homocysteine in healthy volunteers.

  The British journal of nutrition 20041001

• Does exogenous glycinebetaine affect antioxidative system of rice seedlings under NaCl treatment?

  Journal of plant physiology 20041001

• Changes in glycine betaine and related enzyme contents in Amaranthus tricolor under salt stress.

  Zhi wu sheng li yu fen zi sheng wu xue xue bao = Journal of plant physiology and molecular biology 20041001

• Betaine rescue of an animal model with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.

  The Biochemical journal 20040915

• The osmolyte strategy of normal human keratinocytes in maintaining cell homeostasis.

  The Journal of investigative dermatology 20040901

• Male tolerance study of 1% C31G.

  Contraception 20040901

• A phase I comparative postcoital testing study of three concentrations of C31G.

  Contraception 20040901

• A randomized Phase I vaginal safety study of three concentrations of C31G vs. Extra Strength Gynol II.

  Contraception 20040901

• Complex regulation of the synthesis of the compatible solute ectoine in the halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043T.

  Microbiology (Reading, England) 20040901

• Plastid-expressed betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in carrot cultured cells, roots, and leaves confers enhanced salt tolerance.

  Plant physiology 20040901

• Quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling of acute toxicity of quaternary alkylammonium sulfobetaines to Daphnia magna.

  Environmental toxicology and chemistry 20040901

• Neural control of hepatic osmolytes and parenchymal cell hydration.

  The anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology 20040901

• Growth and physiological properties of wild type and mutants of Halomonas subglaciescola DH-1 in saline environment.

  Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) 20040901

• Is osmotic adjustment required for water stress resistance in the Mediterranean shrub Atriplex halimus L?

  Journal of plant physiology 20040901

• Allergic contact dermatitis from cocamidopropyl betaine, cocamidoamine, 3-(dimethylamino)propylamine, and oleamidopropyl dimethylamine: co-reactions or cross-reactions?

  Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 20040901

• Betaine improves LA-PCR amplification.

  Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology 20040901

• LcoP, an osmoregulated betaine/ectoine uptake system from Corynebacterium glutamicum.

  FEBS letters 20040827

• Rapid and sensitive NMR method for osmolyte determination.

  Journal of microbiological methods 20040801

• Changes in GABA transporters in the rat hippocampus after kainate-induced neuronal injury: decrease in GAT-1 and GAT-3 but upregulation of betaine/GABA transporter BGT-1.

  Journal of neuroscience research 20040801

• BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum, a transporter with three different functions: betaine transport, osmosensing, and osmoregulation.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20040723

• Application of the local-bulk partitioning and competitive binding models to interpret preferential interactions of glycine betaine and urea with protein surface.

  Biochemistry 20040720

• Periconceptional dietary intake of choline and betaine and neural tube defects in offspring.

  American journal of epidemiology 20040715

• Endothelium- and nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxing activities of gamma-butyrobetaine esters: possible link to the antiischemic activities of mildronate.

  European journal of pharmacology 20040708

• Glycine betaine as a cryoprotectant for prokaryotes.

  Journal of microbiological methods 20040701

• Binding energies of water to lithiated valine: formation of solution-phase structure in vacuo.

  Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 20040701

• Platelet adhesive resistance of polyurethane surface grafted with zwitterions of sulfobetaine.

  Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 20040701

• Blood compatibility of polyurethane surface grafted copolymerization with sulfobetaine monomer.

  Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 20040701

• The effect of betaine treatment on triglyceride levels and oxidative stress in the liver of ethanol-treated guinea pigs.

  Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie 20040701

• Cloning and characterization of the Halobacillus trueperi betH gene, encoding the transport system for the compatible solute glycine betaine.

  FEMS microbiology letters 20040615

• Marinococcus halophilus DSM 20408T encodes two transporters for compatible solutes belonging to the betaine-carnitine-choline transporter family: identification and characterization of ectoine transporter EctM and glycine betaine transporter BetM.

  Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions 20040601

• Evaluation of the potential of triethanolamine to alter hepatic choline levels in female B6C3F1 mice.

  Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 20040601

• Oligomerization is required for betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase function.

  Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 20040601

• Abscisic acid is involved in the water stress-induced betaine accumulation in pear leaves.

  Plant & cell physiology 20040601

• Trimethylamine oxide, betaine and other osmolytes in deep-sea animals: depth trends and effects on enzymes under hydrostatic pressure.

  Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France) 20040601

• The C-terminal domain of the betaine carrier BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum is directly involved in sensing K+ as an osmotic stimulus.

  Biochemistry 20040518

• Dissecting the catalytic mechanism of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase by use of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and site-directed mutagenesis.

  Biochemistry 20040511

• Antibacterial activity of glycine betaine analogues: involvement of osmoporters.

  Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 20040503

• Betaine analogues alter homocysteine metabolism in rats.

  The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 20040501

• Inhibition of yeast glutathione reductase by trehalose: possible implications in yeast survival and recovery from stress.

  The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 20040501

• The methylester of gamma-butyrobetaine, but not gamma-butyrobetaine itself, induces muscarinic receptor-dependent vasodilatation.

  Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 20040501

• Screening of surfactants for harmful algal blooms mitigation.

  Marine pollution bulletin 20040501

• Effects of betaine in a murine model of mild cystathionine-beta-synthase deficiency.

  Metabolism: clinical and experimental 20040501

• Polyurethane vascular catheter surface grafted with zwitterionic sulfobetaine monomer activated by ozone.

  Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 20040501

• Inhibition of insulin amyloid formation by small stress molecules.

  FEBS letters 20040423

• Cation specificity of osmosensing by the betaine carrier BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum.

  FEBS letters 20040409

• Cerebral edema associated with betaine treatment in classical homocystinuria.

  The Journal of pediatrics 20040401

• Nutritional modulation of immune function in broilers.

  Poultry science 20040401

• Effects of betaine, coumarin and flavonoids on mucin release from cultured hamster tracheal surface epithelial cells.

  Phytotherapy research : PTR 20040401

• Roles of compatible osmolytes and heat shock protein 70 in the induction of tolerance to stresses in porcine endothelial cells.

  The Journal of physiology 20040316

• Short and long-term variation of plasma glycine betaine concentrations in humans.

  Clinical biochemistry 20040301

• Thermodynamics of glycophorin A transmembrane helix dimerization in C14 betaine micelles.

  Biophysical chemistry 20040301

• A light and electron microscopic study of betaine/GABA transporter distribution in the monkey cerebral neocortex and hippocampus.

  Journal of neurocytology 20040301

• Cocamidopropyl betaine.

  Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 20040301

• Allergy to cocamidopropyl betaine and amidoamine in North America.

  Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 20040301

• Relevance of positive patch-test reactions to cocamidopropyl betaine and amidoamine.

  Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug 20040301

• Novel betaines from a micronesian sponge Dysidea herbacea.

  The Journal of organic chemistry 20040220

• Light-induced excitation energy redistribution in Spirulina platensis cells: 'spillover' or 'mobile PBSs'?

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20040215

• Different sensitivities of CPT I and CPT II for inhibition by l-aminocarnitine in human skeletal muscle.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20040215

• Cation-pi interactions as determinants for binding of the compatible solutes glycine betaine and proline betaine by the periplasmic ligand-binding protein ProX from Escherichia coli.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20040213

• Betaine as a determinant of postmethionine load total plasma homocysteine before and after B-vitamin supplementation.

  Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 20040201

• Characterization of the susceptibility of mycobacteria in BACTEC 12B media containing PANTA that had been supplemented with ceftazidime, and characterization of the individual components of PANTA in the presence of C18-carboxypropylbetaine.

  Journal of microbiological methods 20040201

• Oval cells compensate for damage and replicative senescence of mature hepatocytes in mice with fatty liver disease.

  Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 20040201

• The biocompatibility of crosslinkable copolymer coatings containing sulfobetaines and phosphobetaines.

  Biomaterials 20040101

• Preformulation studies to meet the challenges in the manufacture of betaine solid dosage form.

  Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 20040101

• Betaine improves growth, but does not induce whole body or hepatic palmitate oxidation in swine (Sus scrofa domestica).

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 20040101

• Beta-Alanine and other free amino acids during salinity adaptation of the polychaete Nereis japonica.

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 20040101

• Effects of gamma-butyrobetaine and mildronate on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats.

  Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology 20040101

• Pyrosequencing trade mark technology at elevated temperature.

  Electrophoresis 20040101

• Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency: effects of betaine supplementation after methionine restriction in B6-nonresponsive homocystinuria.

  Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics 20040101

• Transgenic tobacco plants accumulating osmolytes show reduced oxidative damage under freezing stress.

  Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB 20040101

• Effect of molecular crowding on self-association of phosphorylase kinase and its interaction with phosphorylase b and glycogen.

  Journal of molecular recognition : JMR 20040101

• Large changes in cytoplasmic biopolymer concentration with osmolality indicate that macromolecular crowding may regulate protein-DNA interactions and growth rate in osmotically stressed Escherichia coli K-12.

  Journal of molecular recognition : JMR 20040101

• Contact allergens of the year.

  Advances in dermatology 20040101

• Two successful pregnancies in pyridoxine-nonresponsive homocystinuria.

  Journal of inherited metabolic disease 20040101

• Solute accumulation in heat seedlings during cold acclimation: contribution to increased freezing tolerance.

  Cryo letters 20040101

• Spectroscopic and kinetic properties of recombinant choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis.

  Biochemistry 20031230

• Link between primary and secondary metabolism in the biotransformation of trimethylammonium compounds by escherichia coli.

  Biotechnology and bioengineering 20031220

• Organic solutes rescue the functional defect in delta F508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20031219

• Evaluation of two recovery methods for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by PCR: direct-dilution--centrifugation and C(18)-carboxypropylbetaine processing.

  FEMS microbiology letters 20031212

• Transcriptional regulation of methionine synthase by homocysteine and choline in Aspergillus nidulans.

  The Biochemical journal 20031201

• Betaine in sub-acute and sub-chronic rat studies.

  Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 20031201

• Betaine and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

  The American journal of gastroenterology 20031201

• Arsenic accumulation in livers of pinnipeds, seabirds and sea turtles: subcellular distribution and interaction between arsenobetaine and glycine betaine.

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP 20031201

• Nucleotide dependent monomer/dimer equilibrium of OpuAA, the nucleotide-binding protein of the osmotically regulated ABC transporter OpuA from Bacillus subtilis.

  Journal of molecular biology 20031128

• On the role of the two extracytoplasmic substrate-binding domains in the ABC transporter OpuA.

  The EMBO journal 20031117

• Roles of cytoplasmic osmolytes, water, and crowding in the response of Escherichia coli to osmotic stress: biophysical basis of osmoprotection by glycine betaine.

  Biochemistry 20031104

• Effect of salt stress on the metabolism of ethanolamine and choline in leaves of the betaine-producing mangrove species Avicennia marina.

  Phytochemistry 20031101

• Allosteric effect of water in fish and human hemoglobins.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20031031

• Comparison of the effects of surface tension and osmotic pressure on the interfacial hydration of a fluid phospholipid bilayer.

  Biophysical journal 20031001

• Enhanced formation of flowers in salt-stressed Arabidopsis after genetic engineering of the synthesis of glycine betaine.

  The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 20031001

• [Antibacterial effect of two glycine betaine analogues against Escherichia coli].

  Pathologie-biologie 20031001

• Reduced platelet adhesion on the surface of polyurethane bearing structure of sulfobetaine.

  Journal of biomaterials applications 20031001

• Isolation and characterization of ButA, a secondary glycine betaine transport system operating in Tetragenococcus halophila.

  Current microbiology 20031001

• Glutamate counteracts the denaturing effect of urea through its effect on the denatured state.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20030919

• Mammalian osmolytes and S-nitrosoglutathione promote Delta F508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein maturation and function.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20030912

• Impact of osmotic stress on volume regulation, cytoplasmic solute composition and lysine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum MH20-22B.

  Journal of biotechnology 20030904

• Planococcus rifietensis sp. nov, isolated from algal mat collected from a sulfurous spring in Campania (Italy).

  Systematic and applied microbiology 20030901

• pH and deuterium kinetic isotope effects studies on the oxidation of choline to betaine-aldehyde catalyzed by choline oxidase.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20030821

• The ATP/substrate stoichiometry of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter OpuA.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20030808

• Analysis of the contaminant spectrum in the MB/BacT liquid culture system following C(18)-carboxypropylbetaine specimen processing.

  European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 20030801

• Carbon tetrachloride-induced nephrotoxicity and protective effect of betaine in Sprague-Dawley rats.

  Urology 20030801

• The Sinorhizobium meliloti glycine betaine biosynthetic genes (betlCBA) are induced by choline and highly expressed in bacteroids.

  Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI 20030801

• Applications of immobilised artificial membrane chromatography to quaternary alkylammonium sulfobetaines and comparison of chromatographic methods for estimating the octanol-water partition coefficient.

  Journal of chromatography. A 20030725

• Potential osmoprotectants for the lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus pentosaceus and Tetragenococcus halophila.

  International journal of food microbiology 20030715

• The effect of dietary betaine on intestinal and plasma levels of betaine in uninfected and coccidia-infected broiler chicks.

  Parasitology research 20030701

• Dicarboxylic amino acids and glycine-betaine regulate chaperone-mediated protein-disaggregation under stress.

  Molecular microbiology 20030701

• Highly diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of trans-2-methylene-1,3-dithiolane 1,3-dioxide with 3-oxidopyridinium and 3-oxidopyrylium betaines: a route to the tropane skeleton.

  Organic & biomolecular chemistry 20030607

• The role of the sigB gene in the general stress response of Listeria monocytogenes varies between a strain of serotype 1/2a and a strain of serotype 4c.

  Current microbiology 20030601

• Experimental and computational studies of the structure and vibrational spectra of pyridinium-betaine of squaric acid.

  Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 20030601

• Limited effectiveness of betaine therapy for cystathionine beta synthase deficiency.

  Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society 20030601

• COX2 activity promotes organic osmolyte accumulation and adaptation of renal medullary interstitial cells to hypertonic stress.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20030523

• Synthesis of water-soluble prodrugs of BMS-191011: a maxi-K channel opener targeted for post-stroke neuroprotection.

  Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 20030519

• Effects of a betaine-containing toothpaste on subjective symptoms of dry mouth: a randomized clinical trial.

  The journal of contemporary dental practice 20030515

• Effects of modification of molecular structure on Raman spectral depolarization ratios: aqueous betaine (CH3)3NCH2CO2*29D2O versus (CH3)4NBr*29D2O.

  Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 20030501

• Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods.

  The Journal of nutrition 20030501

• Betaine decreases hyperhomocysteinemia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and liver injury in alcohol-fed mice.

  Gastroenterology 20030501

• Effect of acute betaine administration on hepatic metabolism of S-amino acids in rats and mice.

  Biochemical pharmacology 20030501

• Dietary betaine supplementation affects energy metabolism of pigs.

  Journal of animal science 20030501

• Betaine. Monograph.

  Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic 20030501

• Salt stress enhances choline uptake in the halotolerant cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20030407

• The role of 3-dimethylaminopropylamine and amidoamine in contact allergy to cocamidopropylbetaine.

  Contact dermatitis 20030401

• Kinetic mechanism of choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20030321

• Reaction cascades initiated by nucleophilic attack of heteropentalene mesomeric betaine and nitrogen-rich mesoionic tetrazolium-5-amides on electron-deficient unsaturated compounds. Synthesis of novel heterocyclic systems.

  Organic & biomolecular chemistry 20030321

• Active-site-mutagenesis study of rat liver betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase.

  The Biochemical journal 20030315

• Polarised vibrational spectra of betaine ortho-phosphoric acid complex. Part II. Phase transitions studies.

  Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 20030315

• Probing connection of PBS with the photosystems in intact cells of Spirulina platensis by temperature-induced fluorescence fluctuation.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20030306

• Homocysteine-betaine interactions in a murine model of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency.

  FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20030301

• Evaluation of nonionic and zwitterionic detergents as membrane protein solubilizers in two-dimensional electrophoresis.

  Proteomics 20030301

• Method enabling firefly luciferase-based bioluminometric assays at elevated temperatures.

  Analytical biochemistry 20030301

• Psychotic symptoms in severe MTHFR deficiency and their successful treatment with betaine.

  European journal of pediatrics 20030301

• Isolation and functional characterization of N-methyltransferases that catalyze betaine synthesis from glycine in a halotolerant photosynthetic organism Aphanothece halophytica.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20030214

• The use of different concentrations of betaine as a reducing irritation agent in soaps monitored visually and non-invasively.

  Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) 20030201

• The ability of betaine to reduce the irritating effects of detergents assessed visually, histologically and by bioengineering methods.

  Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) 20030201

• Differences among moisturizers in affecting skin susceptibility to hexyl nicotinate, measured as time to increase skin blood flow.

  Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) 20030201

• Differential chemosensory feeding behaviour by three co-occurring mysids (Crustacea, Mysidacea) from southeastern Tasmania.

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 20030201

• Determination of choline, betaine, and dimethylglycine in plasma by a high-throughput method based on normal-phase chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

  Clinical chemistry 20030201

• Osmoregulation in Lactococcus lactis: BusR, a transcriptional repressor of the glycine betaine uptake system BusA.

  Molecular microbiology 20030201

• Urinary levels of creatine and other metabolites in the assessment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis.

  Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 20030201

• Molecular and biochemical characterization of mechanosensitive channels in Corynebacterium glutamicum.

  FEMS microbiology letters 20030128

• Effects of osmolarity, ions and compatible osmolytes on cell-free protein synthesis.

  The Biochemical journal 20030115

• Synthesis of starch derivatives with labile cationic groups.

  International journal of biological macromolecules 20030115

• Pharmacokinetics of oral betaine in healthy subjects and patients with homocystinuria.

  British journal of clinical pharmacology 20030101

• Comparison of the sodium dodecyl sulfate-sodium hydroxide specimen processing method with the C18-carboxypropylbetaine specimen processing method using the MB/BacT liquid culture system.

  European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 20030101

• Salt-tolerant mutants in glycophytic salinity response (GSR) genes in Catharanthus roseus.

  TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik 20030101

• Physical-chemical features of non-detergent sulfobetaines active as protein-folding helpers.

  Biophysical chemistry 20030101

• Decrease in toxic potential of mixed tensides maintained below the critical micelle concentration: an in vitro study.

  Skin pharmacology and applied skin physiology 20030101

• Glycinebetaine protects the D1/D2/Cytb559 complex of photosystem II against photo-induced and heat-induced inactivation.

  Journal of plant physiology 20030101

• The effects of two sodium lauryl sulphate-containing toothpastes with and without betaine on human oral mucosa in vivo.

  Swedish dental journal 20030101

• Assessment of antimicrobial activity of hydrophilic betaines in osmotically stressed bacteria.

  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 20030101

• Studies on the mechanism of the osmoresistance of spores of Bacillus subtilis.

  Journal of applied microbiology 20030101

• Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography of neoplastic human renal tissues.

  Anticancer research 20030101

• Effect of salt stress on crotonobetaine and D(+)-carnitine biotransformation into L(-)-carnitine by resting cells of Escherichia coli.

  Journal of basic microbiology 20030101

• Substrate recognition by the mammalian proton-dependent amino acid transporter PAT1.

  Molecular membrane biology 20030101

• Betaine and carnitine uptake systems in Listeria monocytogenes affect growth and survival in foods and during infection.

  Journal of applied microbiology 20030101

• Platelet adhesion onto segmented polyurethane surfaces modified by carboxybetaine.

  Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition 20030101

• Role of hydration in the binding of lac repressor to DNA.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20021227

• Counteracting effects of urea and methylamines in function and structure of skeletal muscle myosin.

  Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 20021215

• Regulation of TonEBP transcriptional activator in MDCK cells following changes in ambient tonicity.

  American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 20021201

• Coordinate upregulation of guanylin and uroguanylin expression by hypertonicity in HT29-18-N2 cells.

  American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 20021201

• Solute accumulation in the deep-sea bacterium Photobacterium profundum.

  Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions 20021201

• Transgenics of an elite indica rice variety Pusa Basmati 1 harbouring the codA gene are highly tolerant to salt stress.

  TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik 20021201

• Functional characterization of choline monooxygenase, an enzyme for betaine synthesis in plants.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20021101

• Metabolite diffusion in giant muscle fibers of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus.

  The Journal of experimental biology 20021101

• Microbicides--evaluating multiple formulations of C31G.

  Contraception 20021101

• Safety of single daily use for one week of C31G HEC gel in women.

  Contraception 20021101

• Influence of dietary methionine level on the liver metallothionein mRNA level in rats.

  Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 20021101

• CaiT of Escherichia coli, a new transporter catalyzing L-carnitine/gamma -butyrobetaine exchange.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20021018

• Organic osmolytes betaine, sorbitol and inositol are potent inhibitors of erythrocyte membrane ATPases.

  Life sciences 20021004

• Prevention of bile acid-induced apoptosis by betaine in rat liver.

  Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 20021001

• Betaine reduces the irritating effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on human oral mucosa in vivo.

  Acta odontologica Scandinavica 20021001

• Isolating the promoter of a stress-induced gene encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from the halophyte Atriplex centralasiatica Iljin.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20020927

• Cooperativity and specificity of association of a designed transmembrane peptide.

  Biophysical journal 20020901

• Use of phosphobetaine-type zwitterionic surfactant for the determination of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions and ammonium ion in human saliva by capillary electrophoresis.

  Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 20020901

• Supplemental betaine and peroxide-treated feather meal for finishing cattle.

  Journal of animal science 20020901

• Seasonal changes in polar lipids in fronds of the ferns Dryopteris filix-mas and Matteuccia struthiopteris.

  Biochemistry. Biokhimiia 20020901

• Betaine and homocysteine concentrations in foods.

  Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society 20020801

• Glu 103 Gln site-directed mutation causes an alteration in physical properties of spinach betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase.

  Journal of biochemistry, molecular biology, and biophysics : JBMBB : the official journal of the Federation of Asian and Oceanian Biochemists and Molecular Biologists (FAOBMB) 20020801

• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: relationship to insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress. Treatment approaches using vitamin E, magnesium, and betaine.

  Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic 20020801

• An indirect response model of homocysteine suppression by betaine: optimising the dosage regimen of betaine in homocystinuria.

  British journal of clinical pharmacology 20020801

• The influence of labile dietary methyl donors on the arginine requirement of young broiler chicks.

  Poultry science 20020801

• Gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter (BGT-1) expressed in human astrocytoma U373 MG cells: pharmacological and molecular characterization and phorbol ester-induced inhibition.

  Journal of neuroscience research 20020701

• Sagittal sinus thrombosis in a teenager: homocystinuria associated with reversible antithrombin deficiency.

  Developmental medicine and child neurology 20020701

• Selected amino acids protect hybridoma and CHO cells from elevated carbon dioxide and osmolality.

  Biotechnology and bioengineering 20020630

• Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes.

  Current opinion in plant biology 20020601

• Betaine is a highly effective organic osmolyte but does not appear to be transported by established organic osmolyte transporters in mouse embryos.

  Molecular reproduction and development 20020601

• Biosynthesis and role in osmoregulation of glycine-betaine in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis LMK.

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology 20020601

• High-performance nitrate-selective electrodes containing immobilized amino acid betaines as sensors.

  Analytical chemistry 20020601

• Expression of recombinant human betaine: homocysteine S-methyltransferase for x-ray crystallographic studies and further characterization of interaction with S-adenosylmethionine.

  Protein expression and purification 20020601

• Humectant permeability influences growth and compatible solute uptake by Staphylococcus aureus subjected to osmotic stress.

  Journal of food protection 20020601

• Functional characterization of betaine/proline transporters in betaine-accumulating mangrove.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20020524

• Elevated carnitine accumulation by Listeria monocytogenes impaired in glycine betaine transport is insufficient to restore wild-type cryotolerance in milk whey.

  International journal of food microbiology 20020505

• Diethanolamine induces hepatic choline deficiency in mice.

  Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 20020501

• One-step PCR to distinguish B virus from related primate alphaherpesviruses.

  Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology 20020501

• Photochromic nucleic base units suitable for nucleic acid labelling.

  Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology 20020501

• Practical management of combined methylmalonicaciduria and homocystinuria.

  Journal of child neurology 20020501

• Compatible osmolytes modulate the response of porcine endothelial cells to hypertonicity and protect them from apoptosis.

  The Journal of physiology 20020415

• Attenuation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity by betaine or taurine in rats.

  Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 20020401

• Characterization of betaines using electrospray MS/MS.

  Phytochemistry 20020401

• Perturbations in choline metabolism cause neural tube defects in mouse embryos in vitro.

  FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20020401

• [Neonatal onset methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria:Biochemical and clinical improvement with betaine therapy].

  Anales espanoles de pediatria 20020401

• Metabolic markers of breast cancer: enhanced choline metabolism and reduced choline-ether-phospholipid synthesis.

  Cancer research 20020401

• Volume increase in growth plate chondrocytes during hypertrophy: the contribution of organic osmolytes.

  Bone 20020401

• Modeling of the biotransformation of crotonobetaine into L-(-)-carnitine by Escherichia coli strains.

  Biotechnology and bioengineering 20020330

• High performance liquid chromatography of phenolic choline ester fragments derived by chemical and enzymatic fragmentation processes: analysis of sinapine in rape seed.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20020313

• Betaine supplementation decreases post-methionine hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic renal failure.

  Kidney international 20020301

• Simple model for prediction of surface tension of mixed surfactant solutions.

  Advances in colloid and interface science 20020225

• Activation of smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase by calmodulin. Role of LYS(30) and GLY(40).

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20020222

• Effects of osmoprotectant compounds on NCAM polysialylation under hyperosmotic stress and elevated pCO(2).

  Biotechnology and bioengineering 20020215

• A highly efficient method for long-chain cDNA synthesis using trehalose and betaine.

  Analytical biochemistry 20020215

• Progressive cerebral edema associated with high methionine levels and betaine therapy in a patient with cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) deficiency.

  American journal of medical genetics 20020215

• Effect of dietary betaine on nutrient utilization and partitioning in the young growing feed-restricted pig.

  Journal of animal science 20020201

• Impact of betaine on pig finishing performance and carcass composition.

  Journal of animal science 20020201

• Validity of PCR with emphasis on variable number of tandem repeat analysis.

  Clinical biochemistry 20020201

• Static and dynamic light scattering approach to the hydration of hemoglobin and its supertetramers in the presence of osmolites.

  Biopolymers 20020101

• Metabolic engineering of osmoprotectant accumulation in plants.

  Metabolic engineering 20020101

• Betaine does not improve performance of laying hens when the diet contains adequate choline.

  Poultry science 20020101

• Drugs affecting homocysteine metabolism: impact on cardiovascular risk.

  Drugs 20020101

• Derivatization of small oligosaccharides prior to analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization using glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride and Girard's reagent T.

  Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM 20020101

• Hyperosmolality induced by betaine or urea stimulates endothelin synthesis by differential activation of ERK and p38 MAP kinase in MDCK cells.

  Kidney & blood pressure research 20020101

• Cationic lipids derived from glycine betaine promote efficient and non-toxic gene transfection in cultured hepatocytes.

  The journal of gene medicine 20020101

• [Low-molecular-weight autoregulatory factors in bacteria Thioalkalivibrio versutus and Thioalkalimicrobium aerophilum].

  Mikrobiologiia 20020101

• Development of an analytical method for the determination of betaines in higher plants by capillary electrophoresis at low pH.

  Phytochemical analysis : PCA 20020101

• [Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis].

  Revista de gastroenterologia de Mexico 20020101

• Influence of interactions between temperature, ferric ammonium citrate and glycine betaine on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in a defined medium.

  Letters in applied microbiology 20020101

• Grafting sulfobetaine monomer onto the segmented poly(ether-urethane) surface to improve hemocompatibility.

  Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition 20020101

• On the osmotic signal and osmosensing mechanism of an ABC transport system for glycine betaine.

  The EMBO journal 20011217

• Polarized function of thick ascending limbs of Henle cells in osmoregulation.

  Kidney international 20011201

• Betaine and homocysteine concentrations in infant formulae and breast milk.

  Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society 20011201

• Vascular outcome in patients with homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency treated chronically: a multicenter observational study.

  Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 20011201

• Inducers of glycinebetaine synthesis in barley.

  Plant physiology 20011201

• Ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity and protective effect of betaine.

  Cell biochemistry and function 20011201

• Cocamidopropyl betaine allergy.

  American journal of contact dermatitis : official journal of the American Contact Dermatitis Society 20011201

• Dietary betaine accumulates in the liver and intestinal tissue and stabilizes the intestinal epithelial structure in healthy and coccidia-infected broiler chicks.

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 20011101

• Osmolytes as modulators of conformational changes in serpins.

  Biological chemistry 20011101

• [Advances in in vitro refolding of inclusion body proteins].

  Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology 20011101

• Chemical chaperones regulate molecular chaperones in vitro and in cells under combined salt and heat stresses.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20011026

• Near infra-red spectra of urea with glycine betaine or trimethylamine N-oxide are additive.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20011003

• Betaine distribution in the Malvaceae.

  Phytochemistry 20011001

• The osmoreactive betaine carrier BetP from Corynebacterium glutamicum is a sensor for cytoplasmic K+.

  The EMBO journal 20011001

• Glycine betaine loses its osmoprotective activity in a bspA strain of Erwinia chrysanthemi.

  Molecular microbiology 20011001

• Actinopolyspora halophila has two separate pathways for betaine synthesis.

  Archives of microbiology 20011001

• Chronic ethanol consumption increases homocysteine accumulation in hepatocytes.

  Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) 20011001

• Involvement of coenzyme A esters and two new enzymes, an enoyl-CoA hydratase and a CoA-transferase, in the hydration of crotonobetaine to L-carnitine by Escherichia coli.

  Biochemistry 20010918

• Comparative evaluation of four decontamination protocols for the isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from milk.

  Letters in applied microbiology 20010901

• Betaine: an old therapy for a new scourge.

  The American journal of gastroenterology 20010901

• Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study.

  The American journal of gastroenterology 20010901

• Isolation of a choline monooxygenase cDNA clone from Amaranthus tricolor and its expressions under stress conditions.

  Cell research 20010901

• Antimicrobial and diffusional correlation of N-alkyl betaines and N-alkyl-N,N-dimethylamine oxides from semisolids.

  Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 20010901

• Aerosolization of cationic lipid-DNA complexes: lipoplex characterization and optimization of aerosol delivery conditions.

  Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20010824

• Tolerance to high osmolality of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and cremoris is related to the activity of a betaine transport system.

  FEMS microbiology letters 20010807

• Osmolytes stabilize ribonuclease S by stabilizing its fragments S protein and S peptide to compact folding-competent states.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20010803

• Purification and kinetic properties of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase from Aphanothece halophytica.

  Current microbiology 20010801

• Betaine-palmitate reduces acetylsalicylic acid-induced gastric damage in rats.

  Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 20010801

• Study of the preferential solvation of some betaine dyes in binary solvent mixtures.

  Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy 20010801

• The effect of osmotic stress on the production of nukacin ISK-1 from Staphylococcus warneri ISK-1.

  Applied microbiology and biotechnology 20010801

• Clinical allergy to cocamidopropyl betaine: reactivity to cocamidopropylamine and lack of reactivity to 3-dimethylaminopropylamine.

  Contact dermatitis 20010801

• [Orphan drugs and metabolic disorders].

  Revista de neurologia 20010801

• Effects of gallium and mercury ions on transport systems.

  Journal of dental research 20010801

• Mitochondrial adaptations to NaCl. Complex I is protected by anti-oxidants and small heat shock proteins, whereas complex II is protected by proline and betaine.

  Plant physiology 20010701

• An improved method for the determination of betaine in Echinacea products.

  Die Pharmazie 20010701

• Glycine betaine excretion is not directly linked to plasma glucose concentrations in hyperglycaemia.

  Diabetes research and clinical practice 20010601

• Antibiotic-free chloroplast genetic engineering - an environmentally friendly approach.

  Trends in plant science 20010601

• Polymerase chain reaction protocols for alpha globin haplotype polymorphisms.

  British journal of haematology 20010601

• Dimethylglycine accumulates in uremia and predicts elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations.

  Kidney international 20010601

• The osmotic stress response and virulence in pyelonephritis isolates of Escherichia coli: contributions of RpoS, ProP, ProU and other systems.

  Microbiology (Reading, England) 20010601

• Betainium trifluoroacetate.

  Acta crystallographica. Section C, Crystal structure communications 20010601

• Organization of the genes involved in dimethylglycine and sarcosine degradation in Arthrobacter spp.: implications for glycine betaine catabolism.

  European journal of biochemistry 20010601

• Betaine aids in the osmoregulation of duodenal epithelium of broiler chicks, and affects the movement of water across the small intestinal epithelium in vitro.

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 20010601

• Estimation of the total sulfur amino acid requirement and the effect of betaine in diets deficient in total sulfur amino acids for the weanling pig.

  Journal of animal science 20010601

• Glycine betaine accumulation, ionic and water relations of red-beet at contrasting levels of sodium supply.

  Journal of plant physiology 20010601

• Improvement of quantitative PCR reproducibility by betaine as determined by fluorescence-based method.

  BioTechniques 20010501

• Biotransformation of crotonobetaine to L(-)-carnitine in Proteus sp.

  Archives of microbiology 20010501

• Conversion of gamma-butyrobetaine to L-carnitine by Achromobacter cycloclast.

  Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology 20010501

• Three kinds of currents in the canine betaine-GABA transporter BGT-1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20010423

• Modulation of the heme oxygenase HO-1 expression by hyperosmolarity and betaine in primary rat hepatocytes.

  Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 20010415

• Uptake of choline from salmon flesh and its conversion to glycine betaine in response to salt stress in Shewanella putrefaciens.

  International journal of food microbiology 20010411

• Temperature-induced decoupling of phycobilisomes from reaction centers.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20010402

• Transport of L-carnitine in isolated cerebral cortex neurons.

  European journal of biochemistry 20010401

• The role of L-carnitine and glycine betaine in the survival and sub-lethal injury of non-growing Listeria monocytogenes cells during chilled storage.

  Letters in applied microbiology 20010401

• Subpicosecond solvent dynamics in charge-transfer transitions: challenges and opportunities in resonance Raman spectroscopy.

  Accounts of chemical research 20010401

• Homogeneous single-component betaine Ziegler-Natta catalysts derived from (butadiene)zirconocene precursors.

  Accounts of chemical research 20010401

• Effects of betaine, pen space, and slaughter handling method on growth performance, carcass traits, and pork quality of finishing barrows.

  Journal of animal science 20010401

• Effect of gamma-butyrobetaine on fatty liver in juvenile visceral steatosis mice.

  The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology 20010401

• Electrophysiology of betaine transport in isolated perfused straight proximal tubule.

  Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology 20010401

• Marker free transgenic plants: engineering the chloroplast genome without the use of antibiotic selection.

  Current genetics 20010401

• Osmolytes protect mitochondrial F(0)F(1)-ATPase complex against pressure inactivation.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20010309

• Purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the periplasmic binding protein ProX from Escherichia coli.

  Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography 20010301

• Apoptosis induced by hypertonicity in Madin Darley canine kidney cells: protective effect of betaine.

  Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 20010301

• Epigenetic regulation of carnitine metabolising enzymes in Proteus sp. under aerobic conditions.

  FEMS microbiology letters 20010301

• Effects of betaine on growth, carcass characteristics, pork quality, and plasma metabolites of finishing pigs.

  Journal of animal science 20010301

• Soybean hulls as a primary ingredient in forage-free diets for limit-fed growing cattle.

  Journal of animal science 20010301

• Analysis of alcohols, as dimethylglycine esters, by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

  Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS 20010301

• Improved osmotolerance of recombinant Escherichia coli by de novo glycine betaine biosynthesis.

  Applied microbiology and biotechnology 20010301

• Preventive effect of betaine on ethanol-induced membrane lipid composition and membrane ATPases.

  Archives of toxicology 20010301

• Molecular association of betaine and betaine hydrochloride in aqueous solutions--a study by Raman spectroscopy.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 20010216

• Chloride dependence of glycine betaine transport in Halobacillus halophilus.

  FEBS letters 20010202

• Intestinal uptake of betaine in vitro and the distribution of methyl groups from betaine, choline, and methionine in the body of broiler chicks.

  Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 20010201

• Cell and molecular biology of organic osmolyte accumulation in hypertonic renal cells.

  Nephron 20010201

• A novel method to analyze betaine in chicken liver: effect of dietary betaine and choline supplementation on the hepatic betaine concentration in broiler chicks.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20010201

• Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two kinds of betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase in betaine-accumulating mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh.

  Plant molecular biology 20010201

• Complexes of NADH with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from leaves of the plant Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.

  Chemico-biological interactions 20010130

• Counteracting effects of renal solutes on amyloid fibril formation by immunoglobulin light chains.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 20010112

• Volume regulation of thick ascending limb of Henle cells: significance of organic osmolytes.

  Experimental nephrology 20010101

• The use of bacterial choline oxidase, a glycinebetaine-synthesizing enzyme, to create stress-resistant transgenic plants.

  Plant physiology 20010101

• pH-independent large-volume sample stacking of positive or negative analytes in capillary electrophoresis.

  Electrophoresis 20010101

• Interrelation between synthesis and uptake of ectoine for the growth of the halotolerant Brevibacterium species JCM 6894 at high osmolarity.

  Microbios 20010101

• Influence of heavy metals on the accumulation of trimethylglycine, putrescine and spermine in food plants.

  Amino acids 20010101

• An open-label, 24-week pilot study of the methyl donor betaine in Alzheimer disease patients.

  Alzheimer disease and associated disorders 20010101

• Glycine betaine improves survival of fresh bovine spermatozoa.

  Reproduction, fertility, and development 20010101

• Influence of sulfobetaines on the stability of the Citrobacterdiversus ULA-27 beta-lactamase.

  Biotechnology progress 20010101

• Cryoprotective effect of glycine betaine and glycerol is not based on a single mechanism.

  Cryo letters 20010101

• Staphylococcus aureus requires increased level of Ca(2+) or Mn(2+) to grow normally in a high-NaCl/low-Mg(2+) medium.

  Microbiology and immunology 20010101

• Application of capillary electrophoresis to the simultaneous determination of betaines in plants.

  Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry 20010101

• RD6-2198, a novel betain-type fluoroalkylated oligomer, inhibits the replications of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other enveloped viruses.

  Antiviral research 19980501

• Substrate inhibition by betaine aldehyde of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from leaves of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.

  Biochimica et biophysica acta 19970815

• The effect of two toothpaste detergents on the frequency of recurrent aphthous ulcers.

  Acta odontologica Scandinavica 19960601

• Strychnine-dependent allodynia in the urethane-anesthetized rat is segmentally distributed and prevented by intrathecal glycine and betaine.

  Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology 19951201

• Betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase from rat liver: purification and inhibition by a boronic acid substrate analog.

  Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 19920101

• Purification and characterization of a glycine betaine binding protein from Escherichia coli.

  The Journal of biological chemistry 19870825