6754-58-1 | Xanthohumol

Packsize	Purity	Availability	Price	Discounted Price
1mg	99%	in stock	$6.00	$4.00
5mg	99%	in stock	$12.00	$9.00
10mg	99%	in stock	$15.00	$11.00
25mg	99%	in stock	$36.00	$25.00
100mg	99%	in stock	$141.00	$99.00
1g	99%	in stock	$478.00	$335.00

Description

• Catalog Number: AB56358
• Chemical Name: Xanthohumol
• CAS Number: 6754-58-1
• Molecular Formula: C21H22O5
• Molecular Weight: 354.3964
• MDL Number: MFCD00210576
• SMILES: COc1cc(O)c(c(c1C(=O)/C=C/c1ccc(cc1)O)O)CC=C(C)C

Computed Properties

• Complexity: 515
• Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
• Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 1
• Heavy Atom Count: 26
• Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 5
• Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
• Rotatable Bond Count: 6
• XLogP3: 5.1

Literature

• Xanthohumol inhibits the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signalling pathway and suppresses cell growth of lung adenocarcinoma cells.

  Toxicology 20160516

• Induction of NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) by Glycyrrhiza Species Used for Women's Health: Differential Effects of the Michael Acceptors Isoliquiritigenin and Licochalcone A.

  Chemical research in toxicology 20151116

• Xanthohumol inhibits cell cycle progression and proliferation of larynx cancer cells in vitro.

  Chemico-biological interactions 20151005

• Curcumin analogue identified as hyaluronan export inhibitor by virtual docking to the ABC transporter MRP5.

  Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 20131201

• Xanthohumol modulates the expression of osteoclast-specific genes during osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells.

  Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 20131201

• Xanthohumol attenuates tumour cell-mediated breaching of the lymphendothelial barrier and prevents intravasation and metastasis.

  Archives of toxicology 20130701

• 2-Hydroxychalcone and xanthohumol inhibit invasion of triple negative breast cancer cells.

  Chemico-biological interactions 20130525

• Xanthohumol induces phase II enzymes via Nrf2 in human hepatocytes in vitro.

  Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA 20130201

• Xanthohumol induces different cytotoxicity and apoptotic pathways in malignant and normal astrocytes.

  Phytotherapy research : PTR 20121101

• Prenylated chalcone xanthohumol associates with histones in breast cancer cells--a novel target identified by a monoclonal antibody.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20121101

• Xanthohumol prevents carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in rats.

  Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 20121001

• The AKT/NF-κB inhibitor xanthohumol is a potent anti-lymphocytic leukemia drug overcoming chemoresistance and cell infiltration.

  Biochemical pharmacology 20120615

• Xanthohumol inhibits growth and vascularization of developing endometriotic lesions.

  Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 20120601

• Inverse Virtual Screening allows the discovery of the biological activity of natural compounds.

  Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 20120601

• Xanthohumol impairs autophagosome maturation through direct inhibition of valosin-containing protein.

  ACS chemical biology 20120518

• Protective effects of arachidonic acid against palmitic acid-mediated lipotoxicity in HIT-T15 cells.

  Molecular and cellular biochemistry 20120501

• Protective effects of xanthohumol against the genotoxicity of heterocyclic aromatic amines MeIQx and PhIP in bacteria and in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells.

  Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 20120301

• Pharmacokinetics of xanthohumol and metabolites in rats after oral and intravenous administration.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20120301

• Neuroprotective effects of xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid from hops (Humulus lupulus), in ischemic stroke of rats.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20120227

• Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone derived from hops, suppresses cancer cell invasion through inhibiting the expression of CXCR4 chemokine receptor.

  Current molecular medicine 20120201

• Preliminary in vitro study on the effect of xanthohumol on rumen methanogenesis.

  Archives of animal nutrition 20120201

• Xanthohumol-supplemented beer modulates angiogenesis and inflammation in a skin wound healing model. Involvement of local adipocytes.

  Journal of cellular biochemistry 20120101

• Flavonoid production in transgenic hop (Humulus lupulus L.) altered by PAP1/MYB75 from Arabidopsis thaliana L.

  Plant cell reports 20120101

• Search method for inhibitors of Staphyloxanthin production by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

  Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 20120101

• Geranyl derivative of phloroacetophenone induces cancer cell-specific apoptosis through Bax-mediated mitochondrial pathway in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.

  Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 20120101

• Protective effect of xanthohumol on toxin-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis.

  International journal of clinical and experimental pathology 20120101

• Pitfalls in cell culture work with xanthohumol.

  Die Pharmazie 20120101

• Anticancer agent xanthohumol inhibits IL-2 induced signaling pathways involved in T cell proliferation.

  Journal of experimental therapeutics & oncology 20120101

• Xanthohumol uptake and intracellular kinetics in hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and intestinal cells.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20111228

• Xanthohumol induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells by increasing reactive oxygen species and activating MAPK pathways.

  Journal of natural products 20111227

• Xanthohumol decreases Notch1 expression and cell growth by cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines.

  Gynecologic oncology 20110801

• Novel application of square-wave adsorptive-stripping voltammetry for the determination of xanthohumol in spent hops.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20110727

• Magnetic mixed hemimicelles solid-phase extraction of xanthohumol in beer coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography determination.

  Journal of separation science 20110601

• Xanthohumol from the hop plant stimulates osteoblast differentiation by RUNX2 activation.

  Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20110527

• Discovery of sulfated sterols from marine invertebrates as a new class of marine natural antagonists of farnesoid-X-receptor.

  Journal of medicinal chemistry 20110310

• Inhibitors of hyaluronan export from hops prevent osteoarthritic reactions.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20110301

• Anti-inflammatory activity of xanthohumol involves heme oxygenase-1 induction via NRF2-ARE signaling in microglial BV2 cells.

  Neurochemistry international 20110201

• Screening natural products for inhibitors of quinone reductase-2 using ultrafiltration LC-MS.

  Analytical chemistry 20110201

• Chemopreventive effect of dietary polyphenols in colorectal cancer cell lines.

  Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) 20110201

• In vitro studies on the inhibition of colon cancer by butyrate and polyphenolic compounds.

  Nutrition and cancer 20110101

• Surface plasmon resonance analysis of interactions between diacylglycerol acyltransferase and its interacting molecules.

  Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 20110101

• Polyphenols in alcoholic beverages activating constitutive androstane receptor CAR.

  Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 20110101

• Quantification of xanthohumol, isoxanthohumol, 8-prenylnaringenin, and 6-prenylnaringenin in hop extracts and derived capsules using secondary standards.

  Talanta 20101215

• Re-evaluation of superoxide scavenging capacity of xanthohumol.

  Free radical research 20101201

• Xanthohumol and related prenylated flavonoids inhibit inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-activated THP-1 monocytes: structure-activity relationships and in silico binding to myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2).

  Planta medica 20101001

• Recovery and metabolism of xanthohumol in germ-free and human microbiota-associated rats.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20101001

• Xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid contained in beer, prevents the induction of preneoplastic lesions and DNA damage in liver and colon induced by the heterocyclic aromatic amine amino-3-methyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ).

  Mutation research 20100910

• Growth inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects of xanthohumol, a prenylated chalone present in hops, in human prostate cancer cells.

  Anticancer research 20100901

• Xanthohumol-induced transient superoxide anion radical formation triggers cancer cells into apoptosis via a mitochondria-mediated mechanism.

  FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20100801

• Xanthohumol, a chalcon derived from hops, inhibits hepatic inflammation and fibrosis.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20100701

• Triggering of dendritic cell apoptosis by xanthohumol.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20100701

• Xanthohumol feeding does not impair organ function and homoeostasis in mice.

  Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 20100701

• Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone from hops, modulates hepatic expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone distribution and metabolism.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20100701

• Disposition of hop prenylflavonoids in human breast tissue.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20100701

• Identification of new phase II metabolites of xanthohumol in rat in vivo biotransformation of hop extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

  Journal of chromatography. A 20100618

• Synthesis, cytotoxicity, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of chalcones and influence of A-ring modifications on the pharmacological effect.

  European journal of medicinal chemistry 20100601

• Isolation of phenolic compounds from hop extracts using polyvinylpolypyrrolidone: characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

  Journal of chromatography. A 20100507

• Xanthohumol inhibits IL-12 production and reduces chronic allergic contact dermatitis.

  International immunopharmacology 20100501

• Determination of xanthohumol in beer based on cloud point extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography.

  Talanta 20100415

• Xanthohumol enhances antiviral effect of interferon alpha-2b against bovine viral diarrhea virus, a surrogate of hepatitis C virus.

  Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 20100401

• Xanthohumol inhibits the neuroendocrine transcription factor achaete-scute complex-like 1, suppresses proliferation, and induces phosphorylated ERK1/2 in medullary thyroid cancer.

  American journal of surgery 20100301

• Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone derived from hops, inhibits proliferation, migration and interleukin-8 expression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

  International journal of oncology 20100201

• Direct inhibition of elastase and matrixmetalloproteinases and stimulation of biosynthesis of fibrillar collagens, elastin, and fibrillins by xanthohumol.

  Journal of cosmetic science 20100101

• Modulation of aflatoxin B1-mediated genotoxicity in primary cultures of human hepatocytes by diindolylmethane, curcumin, and xanthohumols.

  Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 20091201

• Inhibition of bovine viral diarrhea virus in vitro by xanthohumol: comparisons with ribavirin and interferon-alpha and implications for the development of anti-hepatitis C virus agents.

  European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 20091105

• Characterization of prenylflavonoids and hop bitter acids in various classes of Czech beers and hop extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

  Journal of chromatography. A 20091023

• Antioxidant effects of xanthohumol and functional impact on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.

  Journal of natural products 20091001

• Xanthohumol activates the proapoptotic arm of the unfolded protein response in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

  Anticancer research 20091001

• Xanthohumol from hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is an efficient inhibitor of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha release in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages and U937 human monocytes.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20090826

• Inhibition of suicidal erythrocyte death by xanthohumol.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20090826

• Anti-obesity effects of xanthohumol plus guggulsterone in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

  Journal of medicinal food 20090801

• Dynamic residual complexity of natural products by qHNMR: solution stability of desmethylxanthohumol.

  Planta medica 20090601

• Fundamentals and health benefits of xanthohumol, a natural product derived from hops and beer.

  Natural product communications 20090501

• [Determination of xanthohumol in beer by solid-phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography].

  Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography 20090501

• In vitro evaluation of antibacterial, anticollagenase, and antioxidant activities of hop components (Humulus lupulus) addressing acne vulgaris.

  Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 20090401

• Modification of the cysteine residues in IkappaBalpha kinase and NF-kappaB (p65) by xanthohumol leads to suppression of NF-kappaB-regulated gene products and potentiation of apoptosis in leukemia cells.

  Blood 20090226

• LC-MS/MS quantitation of hop-derived bitter compounds in beer using the ECHO technique.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20090225

• Increased IL-2 production in T cells by xanthohumol through enhanced NF-AT and AP-1 activity.

  International immunopharmacology 20090101

• Immunomodulatory activity of xanthohumol: inhibition of T cell proliferation, cell-mediated cytotoxicity and Th1 cytokine production through suppression of NF-kappaB.

  Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology 20090101

• Xanthohumol influences preadipocyte differentiation: implication of antiproliferative and apoptotic effects.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20081224

• Effects of dietary flavonoids on the transport of cimetidine via P-glycoprotein and cationic transporters in Caco-2 and LLC-PK1 cell models.

  Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems 20081201

• Inhibitory effects of xanthohumol from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines.

  Phytotherapy research : PTR 20081101

• Antileukemia effects of xanthohumol in Bcr/Abl-transformed cells involve nuclear factor-kappaB and p53 modulation.

  Molecular cancer therapeutics 20080901

• Xanthohumol inhibits inflammatory factor production and angiogenesis in breast cancer xenografts.

  Journal of cellular biochemistry 20080801

• Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and antioxidative activity of minor prenylated chalcones from Humulus lupulus.

  Journal of natural products 20080701

• Effect of xanthohumol on melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells.

  Experimental & molecular medicine 20080630

• Enhanced effects of xanthohumol plus honokiol on apoptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

  Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 20080601

• Natural and non-natural prenylated chalcones: synthesis, cytotoxicity and anti-oxidative activity.

  Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 20080415

• Differential anti-inflammatory pathway by xanthohumol in IFN-gamma and LPS-activated macrophages.

  International immunopharmacology 20080401

• Antimutagenicity of hops (Humulus lupulus L.): bioassay-directed fractionation and isolation of xanthohumol.

  Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 20080301

• Antigenotoxic effect of Xanthohumol in rat liver slices.

  Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA 20080301

• Positive antibacterial co-action between hop (Humulus lupulus) constituents and selected antibiotics.

  Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 20080301

• Treatment of PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells by prenylflavonoids from hop (Humulus lupulus L.) induces a caspase-independent form of cell death.

  Phytotherapy research : PTR 20080201

• EST analysis of hop glandular trichomes identifies an O-methyltransferase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of xanthohumol.

  The Plant cell 20080101

• New prenylchalcones from the hops of Humulus lupulus.

  Journal of Asian natural products research 20080101

• Glycosylation of xanthohumol by fungi.

  Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C, Journal of biosciences 20080101

• Microbial and dietary factors associated with the 8-prenylnaringenin producer phenotype: a dietary intervention trial with fifty healthy post-menopausal Caucasian women.

  The British journal of nutrition 20071101

• AKT/NF-kappaB inhibitor xanthohumol targets cell growth and angiogenesis in hematologic malignancies.

  Cancer 20071101

• Effect of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol on 3T3-L1 cell apoptosis and adipogenesis.

  Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 20071101

• Inhibition of topoisomerase I activity and efflux drug transporters' expression by xanthohumol. from hops.

  Archives of pharmacal research 20071101

• Total synthesis of xanthohumol.

  Journal of natural products 20070901

• Protective effects of xanthohumol against the genotoxicity of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) in HepG2 human hepatoma cells.

  Mutation research 20070815

• Binding of the hop (Humulus lupulus L.) chalcone xanthohumol to cytosolic proteins in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20070701

• Analysis of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol in different hop products by liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

  Journal of chromatography. A 20070525

• Sensitive electrochemical detection method for alpha-acids, beta-acids and xanthohumol in hops (Humulus lupulus L.).

  Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 20070501

• Determination of xanthohumol in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) by nonaqueous CE.

  Electrophoresis 20070301

• Anticoccidial effects of xanthohumol.

  Avian diseases 20070301

• Xanthohumol, a prenylflavonoid derived from hops induces apoptosis and inhibits NF-kappaB activation in prostate epithelial cells.

  Cancer letters 20070208

• Distinct modulation of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes by 17beta-estradiol and xanthohumol in breast cancer MCF-7 cells.

  Clinical biochemistry 20070201

• Inhibition of S1P by polyphenols prevents inflammation and angiogenesis: NFkappaB, a downstream effector?

  Free radical biology & medicine 20070115

• Relevance of organic farming and effect of climatological conditions on the formation of alpha-acids, beta-acids, desmethylxanthohumol, and xanthohumol in hop (Humulus lupulus L.).

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20070110

• Anti-proliferative properties of prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) in human prostate cancer cell lines.

  Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 20061101

• Microbial metabolism of the prenylated chalcone xanthohumol.

  Journal of natural products 20061001

• Influence of xanthohumol on the binding behavior of GABAA receptors and their lateral mobility at hippocampal neurons.

  Planta medica 20060601

• Effect of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) flavonoids on aromatase (estrogen synthase) activity.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20060419

• Mechanisms of the antiangiogenic activity by the hop flavonoid xanthohumol: NF-kappaB and Akt as targets.

  FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 20060301

• Antiinvasive effect of xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone present in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and beer.

  International journal of cancer 20051220

• Xanthohumol, the chalcone from beer hops (Humulus lupulus L.), is the ligand for farnesoid X receptor and ameliorates lipid and glucose metabolism in KK-A(y) mice.

  Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20051028

• Xanthohumol induces apoptosis in cultured 40-16 human colon cancer cells by activation of the death receptor- and mitochondrial pathway.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20050901

• Regulation of osteoblastic phenotype and gene expression by hop-derived phytoestrogens.

  The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 20050901

• Biosynthetic (14)C-labelling of xanthohumol in hop cones.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20050901

• Xanthohumol does not affect the composition of rat intestinal microbiota.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20050901

• Xanthohumol stimulates iodide uptake in rat thyroid-derived FRTL-5 cells.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20050901

• In vitro phase II metabolism of xanthohumol by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and sulfotransferases.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20050901

• A safety study of oral xanthohumol administration and its influence on fertility in Sprague Dawley rats.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20050901

• Broad spectrum anti-infective potential of xanthohumol from hop (Humulus lupulus L.) in comparison with activities of other hop constituents and xanthohumol metabolites.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20050901

• Enrichment of xanthohumol in the brewing process.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20050901

• Xanthohumol, a new all-rounder?

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20050901

• Xanthohumol kills B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by an apoptotic mechanism.

  Molecular nutrition & food research 20050901

• Activation of proestrogens from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) by intestinal microbiota; conversion of isoxanthohumol into 8-prenylnaringenin.

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20050810

• Xanthohumol isolated from Humulus lupulus Inhibits menadione-induced DNA damage through induction of quinone reductase.

  Chemical research in toxicology 20050801

• 13C-labelling of xanthohumol in hop cones (Humulus lupulus).

  Planta medica 20050601

• Enhanced antitumor activity of xanthohumol, a diacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitor, under hypoxia.

  Cancer letters 20050310

• Metabolism of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol, prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.), by human liver microsomes.

  Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS 20050301

• Prenylflavonoids and phloroglucinol derivatives from hops (Humulus lupulus).

  Journal of natural products 20050101

• A safety study of oral tangeretin and xanthohumol administration to laboratory mice.

  In vivo (Athens, Greece) 20050101

• Xanthohumol, a novel anti-HIV-1 agent purified from Hops Humulus lupulus.

  Antiviral research 20041201

• High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of xanthohumol in rat plasma, urine, and fecal samples.

  Journal of chromatographic science 20040801

• Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: to your good health!

  Phytochemistry 20040501

• Xanthohumol metabolites in faeces of rats.

  Phytochemistry 20040301

• Antiviral activity of hop constituents against a series of DNA and RNA viruses.

  Antiviral research 20040101

• Identification and biological activity of microbial metabolites of xanthohumol.

  Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 20031101

• Inhibition of peroxynitrite-mediated LDL oxidation by prenylated flavonoids: the alpha,beta-unsaturated keto functionality of 2'-hydroxychalcones as a novel antioxidant pharmacophore.

  Chemical research in toxicology 20031001

• Formation and accumulation of alpha-acids, beta-acids, desmethylxanthohumol, and xanthohumol during flowering of hops (Humulus lupulus L.).

  Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 20030716

• Microbial transformation of xanthohumol.

  Phytochemistry 20030301

• Cancer chemopreventive activity of Xanthohumol, a natural product derived from hop.

  Molecular cancer therapeutics 20020901

• Identification, quantitation and biological activity of phytoestrogens in a dietary supplement for breast enhancement.

  Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 20011201

• Influence of prenylated and non-prenylated flavonoids on liver microsomal lipid peroxidation and oxidative injury in rat hepatocytes.

  Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 20010501

• In vitro glucuronidation of xanthohumol, a flavonoid in hop and beer, by rat and human liver microsomes.

  FEBS letters 20010302

• In vitro biotransformation of xanthohumol, a flavonoid from hops (Humulus lupulus), by rat liver microsomes.

  Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 20010301